Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) using autologous tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) has emerged as the most effective treatment for patients with metastatic melanoma, achieving objective cancer regression in approximately 50% of patients. ACT involves the ex vivo expansion of TILs, which are then reinfused into patients. The use of donor lymphocytes for ACT is effective in treating immunosuppressed patients with post-transplant lymphomas. Recent advances in genetic engineering have enabled the modification of human lymphocytes to recognize cancer antigens, opening new possibilities for ACT in various cancer types. ACT has shown significant efficacy in treating metastatic melanoma, with durable responses observed in multiple organ sites, including the brain. The success of ACT is attributed to the ability to genetically engineer lymphocytes to target cancer antigens, enhancing their anti-tumour activity. Lymphodepletion before ACT is crucial as it eliminates T regulatory cells and cytokine sinks, creating an optimal environment for transferred cells. ACT has also been effective in treating post-transplant lymphoproliferative diseases (PTLD) caused by Epstein-Barr virus. Studies in animal models have demonstrated that ACT can mediate tumour regression, with the effectiveness influenced by factors such as the persistence of transferred cells and their ability to recognize tumour antigens. The use of gene-modified T cells, such as those expressing T-cell receptors (TCRs) specific for cancer antigens, has shown promising results in clinical trials. ACT has been successfully applied in various cancers, including EBV-related lymphomas and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The treatment involves the infusion of genetically modified T cells that recognize specific cancer antigens, leading to tumour regression. The success of ACT is supported by clinical trials showing high response rates and durable remissions in patients with metastatic melanoma and other cancers. The future of ACT lies in its potential to be personalized and tailored to individual patients, leveraging advances in genetic engineering and immunotherapy. Despite challenges such as the personalized nature of the treatment and the need for specialized laboratory expertise, ACT remains a promising approach for cancer treatment, with ongoing research aimed at improving its efficacy and broadening its application to various cancer types.Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) using autologous tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) has emerged as the most effective treatment for patients with metastatic melanoma, achieving objective cancer regression in approximately 50% of patients. ACT involves the ex vivo expansion of TILs, which are then reinfused into patients. The use of donor lymphocytes for ACT is effective in treating immunosuppressed patients with post-transplant lymphomas. Recent advances in genetic engineering have enabled the modification of human lymphocytes to recognize cancer antigens, opening new possibilities for ACT in various cancer types. ACT has shown significant efficacy in treating metastatic melanoma, with durable responses observed in multiple organ sites, including the brain. The success of ACT is attributed to the ability to genetically engineer lymphocytes to target cancer antigens, enhancing their anti-tumour activity. Lymphodepletion before ACT is crucial as it eliminates T regulatory cells and cytokine sinks, creating an optimal environment for transferred cells. ACT has also been effective in treating post-transplant lymphoproliferative diseases (PTLD) caused by Epstein-Barr virus. Studies in animal models have demonstrated that ACT can mediate tumour regression, with the effectiveness influenced by factors such as the persistence of transferred cells and their ability to recognize tumour antigens. The use of gene-modified T cells, such as those expressing T-cell receptors (TCRs) specific for cancer antigens, has shown promising results in clinical trials. ACT has been successfully applied in various cancers, including EBV-related lymphomas and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The treatment involves the infusion of genetically modified T cells that recognize specific cancer antigens, leading to tumour regression. The success of ACT is supported by clinical trials showing high response rates and durable remissions in patients with metastatic melanoma and other cancers. The future of ACT lies in its potential to be personalized and tailored to individual patients, leveraging advances in genetic engineering and immunotherapy. Despite challenges such as the personalized nature of the treatment and the need for specialized laboratory expertise, ACT remains a promising approach for cancer treatment, with ongoing research aimed at improving its efficacy and broadening its application to various cancer types.