This review provides a comprehensive overview of advancements and future prospects of electronic noses (e-noses) in various applications. The paper highlights the evolution of e-nose technology from bulky, costly devices to compact, energy-efficient systems capable of detecting and analyzing volatile compounds in minutes. It emphasizes recent innovations in sensor technologies, computational methods, and applications across diverse fields such as food analysis, environmental monitoring, and medical diagnostics. The review discusses the structure and working principles of e-noses, including gas sensing mechanisms, sensor arrays, and pattern recognition algorithms. It also explores the application of e-noses in food quality control, environmental monitoring, and disease diagnosis, highlighting their potential in detecting volatile compounds associated with various diseases. The paper underscores the adaptability of e-noses and their role in addressing gaps in current literature, suggesting future research directions. The review also covers the historical development of e-nose technology, the principles of odor sensors, and the integration of advanced algorithms for odor recognition and classification. It discusses the challenges faced by metal oxide sensors, such as susceptibility to poisoning and low selectivity, and the need for further improvements. The paper concludes with the potential of e-noses in various applications, emphasizing their importance in enhancing food safety, environmental monitoring, and medical diagnostics.This review provides a comprehensive overview of advancements and future prospects of electronic noses (e-noses) in various applications. The paper highlights the evolution of e-nose technology from bulky, costly devices to compact, energy-efficient systems capable of detecting and analyzing volatile compounds in minutes. It emphasizes recent innovations in sensor technologies, computational methods, and applications across diverse fields such as food analysis, environmental monitoring, and medical diagnostics. The review discusses the structure and working principles of e-noses, including gas sensing mechanisms, sensor arrays, and pattern recognition algorithms. It also explores the application of e-noses in food quality control, environmental monitoring, and disease diagnosis, highlighting their potential in detecting volatile compounds associated with various diseases. The paper underscores the adaptability of e-noses and their role in addressing gaps in current literature, suggesting future research directions. The review also covers the historical development of e-nose technology, the principles of odor sensors, and the integration of advanced algorithms for odor recognition and classification. It discusses the challenges faced by metal oxide sensors, such as susceptibility to poisoning and low selectivity, and the need for further improvements. The paper concludes with the potential of e-noses in various applications, emphasizing their importance in enhancing food safety, environmental monitoring, and medical diagnostics.