Biochar modification has emerged as a promising strategy to enhance phosphorus (P) utilization in agriculture, addressing the challenges of soil P deficiency and environmental degradation. Traditional phosphatic fertilizers, while essential for crop yield, are costly and environmentally harmful due to P fixation and leaching. Modified biochar, with improved properties such as increased porosity, surface area, and cation exchange capacity, offers a sustainable alternative. This review explores the variability of biochar properties based on source and production methods, emphasizing how these can be optimized for effective P adsorption. By adjusting properties such as pH levels and functional groups to align with the phosphate's zero point of charge, biochar's ability to adsorb and retain P is enhanced, increasing its bioavailability to plants. The integration of nanotechnology and advanced characterization techniques aids in understanding biochar's structural nuances and interactions with phosphorus. This approach benefits farmers by improving P efficiency, reducing the need for traditional fertilizers, and minimizing environmental impacts such as greenhouse gas emissions and P leaching. The review also identifies research gaps and future opportunities for biochar modifications, highlighting its significant potential in sustainable agriculture. Biochar's role in P management is multifaceted, involving direct adsorption, soil structure improvement, and microbial activity enhancement. Factors such as feedstock, pyrolysis conditions, and post-production modifications significantly influence biochar's P adsorption capacity. Advances in biochar preparation, including feedstock variability, pyrolysis techniques, and modification methods, have enhanced its effectiveness in P adsorption and soil health. Modification techniques such as chemical activation, functional group introduction, and nanoparticle incorporation further improve biochar's P retention and adsorption capabilities. Nanotechnology has also played a crucial role in enhancing P adsorption through the use of nanocomposite biochars and nano materials. Biochar's integration into sustainable agriculture offers benefits such as carbon sequestration, soil enhancement, nutrient preservation, and contaminant immobilization. Advanced analytical methods and characterization techniques provide insights into biochar's physicochemical properties, guiding its optimization for agricultural applications. Overall, biochar modification represents a significant advancement in sustainable agriculture, offering a viable solution to enhance P utilization and mitigate environmental challenges.Biochar modification has emerged as a promising strategy to enhance phosphorus (P) utilization in agriculture, addressing the challenges of soil P deficiency and environmental degradation. Traditional phosphatic fertilizers, while essential for crop yield, are costly and environmentally harmful due to P fixation and leaching. Modified biochar, with improved properties such as increased porosity, surface area, and cation exchange capacity, offers a sustainable alternative. This review explores the variability of biochar properties based on source and production methods, emphasizing how these can be optimized for effective P adsorption. By adjusting properties such as pH levels and functional groups to align with the phosphate's zero point of charge, biochar's ability to adsorb and retain P is enhanced, increasing its bioavailability to plants. The integration of nanotechnology and advanced characterization techniques aids in understanding biochar's structural nuances and interactions with phosphorus. This approach benefits farmers by improving P efficiency, reducing the need for traditional fertilizers, and minimizing environmental impacts such as greenhouse gas emissions and P leaching. The review also identifies research gaps and future opportunities for biochar modifications, highlighting its significant potential in sustainable agriculture. Biochar's role in P management is multifaceted, involving direct adsorption, soil structure improvement, and microbial activity enhancement. Factors such as feedstock, pyrolysis conditions, and post-production modifications significantly influence biochar's P adsorption capacity. Advances in biochar preparation, including feedstock variability, pyrolysis techniques, and modification methods, have enhanced its effectiveness in P adsorption and soil health. Modification techniques such as chemical activation, functional group introduction, and nanoparticle incorporation further improve biochar's P retention and adsorption capabilities. Nanotechnology has also played a crucial role in enhancing P adsorption through the use of nanocomposite biochars and nano materials. Biochar's integration into sustainable agriculture offers benefits such as carbon sequestration, soil enhancement, nutrient preservation, and contaminant immobilization. Advanced analytical methods and characterization techniques provide insights into biochar's physicochemical properties, guiding its optimization for agricultural applications. Overall, biochar modification represents a significant advancement in sustainable agriculture, offering a viable solution to enhance P utilization and mitigate environmental challenges.