This article reviews advancements in biological strategies for controlling harmful algal blooms (HABs), which pose significant environmental and economic challenges. HABs, primarily driven by phytoplankton species like cyanobacteria, thrive in nutrient-rich, warm, and low-wind environments. Traditional chemical and physical interventions have ecological risks and resource-intensive costs. Biological control methods, including biomanipulation and the use of algicidal microorganisms such as *Streptococcus thermophiles*, *Myxobacteria*, and *Lopharia spadica*, offer eco-friendly alternatives with long-term benefits. Barley and rice straw application has also shown efficacy in curbing HAB growth. These biological approaches inhibit algal proliferation, disrupt cellular structures, and promote algal cell aggregation. Despite their advantages, biological controls face challenges due to intricate ecological interactions. The article highlights the need for further research and development in this critical area of environmental science. It explores the latest biological techniques aimed at reducing HAB frequency and toxin levels in aquatic environments, emphasizing the potential of microbial agents, viruses, fungi, zooplankton, fish, and algae. The review also discusses the challenges and considerations in implementing these methods, including the complex ecological dynamics and potential unforeseen repercussions.This article reviews advancements in biological strategies for controlling harmful algal blooms (HABs), which pose significant environmental and economic challenges. HABs, primarily driven by phytoplankton species like cyanobacteria, thrive in nutrient-rich, warm, and low-wind environments. Traditional chemical and physical interventions have ecological risks and resource-intensive costs. Biological control methods, including biomanipulation and the use of algicidal microorganisms such as *Streptococcus thermophiles*, *Myxobacteria*, and *Lopharia spadica*, offer eco-friendly alternatives with long-term benefits. Barley and rice straw application has also shown efficacy in curbing HAB growth. These biological approaches inhibit algal proliferation, disrupt cellular structures, and promote algal cell aggregation. Despite their advantages, biological controls face challenges due to intricate ecological interactions. The article highlights the need for further research and development in this critical area of environmental science. It explores the latest biological techniques aimed at reducing HAB frequency and toxin levels in aquatic environments, emphasizing the potential of microbial agents, viruses, fungi, zooplankton, fish, and algae. The review also discusses the challenges and considerations in implementing these methods, including the complex ecological dynamics and potential unforeseen repercussions.