Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have shown significant potential in regenerative medicine, offering new treatments for various diseases. However, their use is complicated by ethical and regulatory issues. This review summarizes recent clinical trials and studies on hESCs, highlighting their applications in ophthalmology, neurology, endocrinology, and reproductive medicine. Preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate the versatility of hESCs in repairing damaged tissues. However, challenges remain in ensuring consistency in hESC properties and translating laboratory findings into clinical therapies. Ethical concerns regarding the use of human embryos have sparked debates and influenced regulatory frameworks. Despite these challenges, hESCs remain a crucial tool in biomedical research, particularly in understanding genetic diseases and human development. The review also discusses the ethical implications of hESC research, emphasizing the need for a balanced approach to ensure responsible application. Clinical trials for hESCs in conditions like age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, and diabetes mellitus show promising results, but further research is needed to improve efficacy and safety. Regulatory issues vary globally, affecting the development and application of hESC-based therapies. The future of hESC research depends on navigating ethical, legal, and regulatory challenges while advancing scientific innovation.Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have shown significant potential in regenerative medicine, offering new treatments for various diseases. However, their use is complicated by ethical and regulatory issues. This review summarizes recent clinical trials and studies on hESCs, highlighting their applications in ophthalmology, neurology, endocrinology, and reproductive medicine. Preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate the versatility of hESCs in repairing damaged tissues. However, challenges remain in ensuring consistency in hESC properties and translating laboratory findings into clinical therapies. Ethical concerns regarding the use of human embryos have sparked debates and influenced regulatory frameworks. Despite these challenges, hESCs remain a crucial tool in biomedical research, particularly in understanding genetic diseases and human development. The review also discusses the ethical implications of hESC research, emphasizing the need for a balanced approach to ensure responsible application. Clinical trials for hESCs in conditions like age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, and diabetes mellitus show promising results, but further research is needed to improve efficacy and safety. Regulatory issues vary globally, affecting the development and application of hESC-based therapies. The future of hESC research depends on navigating ethical, legal, and regulatory challenges while advancing scientific innovation.