This review discusses advancements in photovoltaic cell materials, focusing on silicon-based, organic, and perovskite solar cells. Silicon-based cells have long been the standard in the photovoltaic industry, with recent innovations in crystalline structures leading to higher efficiencies. Organic photovoltaic cells are noted for their flexibility and potential for low-cost production, while perovskite solar cells are highlighted for their remarkable efficiency gains and ease of fabrication. The paper addresses challenges such as material stability, scalability, and environmental impact, offering a balanced perspective on the current state and future potential of these materials. Silicon-based solar cells have seen significant improvements in efficiency, with commercial monocrystalline cells now achieving over 20% efficiency. Recent innovations in crystalline silicon structures, such as tandem cells, have further enhanced performance. Challenges include the nearing of theoretical efficiency limits for single-junction cells and the need for sustainable manufacturing practices. Gallium arsenide (GaAs) solar cells are among the most efficient, with efficiencies exceeding 29%, but face challenges related to cost and material scarcity. Cadmium telluride (CdTe) solar cells are cost-effective and efficient, but concerns about cadmium toxicity and tellurium scarcity remain. Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cells offer high efficiency and flexibility, but face challenges in material availability and production scalability. The review emphasizes the importance of material advancements in driving the solar industry forward, with a focus on improving efficiency, reducing costs, and ensuring environmental sustainability.This review discusses advancements in photovoltaic cell materials, focusing on silicon-based, organic, and perovskite solar cells. Silicon-based cells have long been the standard in the photovoltaic industry, with recent innovations in crystalline structures leading to higher efficiencies. Organic photovoltaic cells are noted for their flexibility and potential for low-cost production, while perovskite solar cells are highlighted for their remarkable efficiency gains and ease of fabrication. The paper addresses challenges such as material stability, scalability, and environmental impact, offering a balanced perspective on the current state and future potential of these materials. Silicon-based solar cells have seen significant improvements in efficiency, with commercial monocrystalline cells now achieving over 20% efficiency. Recent innovations in crystalline silicon structures, such as tandem cells, have further enhanced performance. Challenges include the nearing of theoretical efficiency limits for single-junction cells and the need for sustainable manufacturing practices. Gallium arsenide (GaAs) solar cells are among the most efficient, with efficiencies exceeding 29%, but face challenges related to cost and material scarcity. Cadmium telluride (CdTe) solar cells are cost-effective and efficient, but concerns about cadmium toxicity and tellurium scarcity remain. Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cells offer high efficiency and flexibility, but face challenges in material availability and production scalability. The review emphasizes the importance of material advancements in driving the solar industry forward, with a focus on improving efficiency, reducing costs, and ensuring environmental sustainability.