This paper explores the development of closed-loop therapeutic systems for various neurological disorders, focusing on a system that integrates a biosensor, controller, and infusion pump to manage medication delivery. The system uses aptamer probes labeled with electrochemical tags to assess drug levels in real-time, adjusting the infusion rate accordingly. The authors discuss the challenges of seizure detection and the use of advanced learning algorithms to enhance real-time detection. They also examine the potential of optogenetic techniques for controlling brain activity, particularly in epilepsy models. The paper highlights the importance of selecting appropriate sensors for closed-loop modulation and the need for continuous communication between researchers in animal and clinical studies. Additionally, it reviews advances in sensor technology and fast, reliable pattern detection algorithms for closed-loop stimulation. The authors conclude by discussing the potential of optogenetics and noninvasive actuators, such as transcranial electrical stimulation (TES), in treating neurological disorders.This paper explores the development of closed-loop therapeutic systems for various neurological disorders, focusing on a system that integrates a biosensor, controller, and infusion pump to manage medication delivery. The system uses aptamer probes labeled with electrochemical tags to assess drug levels in real-time, adjusting the infusion rate accordingly. The authors discuss the challenges of seizure detection and the use of advanced learning algorithms to enhance real-time detection. They also examine the potential of optogenetic techniques for controlling brain activity, particularly in epilepsy models. The paper highlights the importance of selecting appropriate sensors for closed-loop modulation and the need for continuous communication between researchers in animal and clinical studies. Additionally, it reviews advances in sensor technology and fast, reliable pattern detection algorithms for closed-loop stimulation. The authors conclude by discussing the potential of optogenetics and noninvasive actuators, such as transcranial electrical stimulation (TES), in treating neurological disorders.