This paper reviews advances and challenges in closed-loop therapeutics, focusing on signal selection and optogenetic techniques. The authors propose a closed-loop system integrating a biosensor, controller, and infusion pump to provide real-time feedback for medication delivery. The biosensor uses electrochemically labeled aptamer probes to measure drug levels in the bloodstream. The system is optimized for the medication Dox, with precise adjustments to ensure stability, reliability, and response time. The system continuously samples blood and measures drug concentration in real-time, enabling accurate and rapid computation of drug levels. The paper discusses challenges in seizure detection and the use of advanced learning algorithms and classification methods to improve real-time seizure detection in closed-loop systems. It also explores the potential of optogenetic techniques for controlling brain activity, particularly in epilepsy models. Optogenetics involves manipulating cellular activity using light and genetics, allowing precise control over neural activity. However, optogenetic methods are currently inaccessible to the general population due to safety concerns. The paper also examines noninvasive closed-loop actuators, such as transcranial electrical stimulation (TES), which has shown promise in reducing tremors and preventing absence seizures in Parkinson's disease. TES is a viable noninvasive tool for treating paroxysmal neurological illnesses due to its potential to reduce adverse effects and costs associated with devices. The authors emphasize the importance of understanding pathological signals for closed-loop modulation in disease states and the need for ongoing communication between researchers in animal and clinical studies. They also highlight the role of sensor technology in closed-loop therapies, emphasizing the need for high temporal accuracy and improved spatiotemporal precision to enhance the sensitivity and specificity of these therapies. The paper concludes that closed-loop therapeutics have significant potential in treating neurological disorders, but challenges remain in developing novel technologies and optimizing stimulation settings in clinical environments. The findings suggest that closed-loop therapies may offer better clinical outcomes than open-loop treatments in terms of efficacy and effectiveness. However, further research is needed to improve the stimulation process, enhance sensor technology, and optimize detection algorithms for effective closed-loop modulation.This paper reviews advances and challenges in closed-loop therapeutics, focusing on signal selection and optogenetic techniques. The authors propose a closed-loop system integrating a biosensor, controller, and infusion pump to provide real-time feedback for medication delivery. The biosensor uses electrochemically labeled aptamer probes to measure drug levels in the bloodstream. The system is optimized for the medication Dox, with precise adjustments to ensure stability, reliability, and response time. The system continuously samples blood and measures drug concentration in real-time, enabling accurate and rapid computation of drug levels. The paper discusses challenges in seizure detection and the use of advanced learning algorithms and classification methods to improve real-time seizure detection in closed-loop systems. It also explores the potential of optogenetic techniques for controlling brain activity, particularly in epilepsy models. Optogenetics involves manipulating cellular activity using light and genetics, allowing precise control over neural activity. However, optogenetic methods are currently inaccessible to the general population due to safety concerns. The paper also examines noninvasive closed-loop actuators, such as transcranial electrical stimulation (TES), which has shown promise in reducing tremors and preventing absence seizures in Parkinson's disease. TES is a viable noninvasive tool for treating paroxysmal neurological illnesses due to its potential to reduce adverse effects and costs associated with devices. The authors emphasize the importance of understanding pathological signals for closed-loop modulation in disease states and the need for ongoing communication between researchers in animal and clinical studies. They also highlight the role of sensor technology in closed-loop therapies, emphasizing the need for high temporal accuracy and improved spatiotemporal precision to enhance the sensitivity and specificity of these therapies. The paper concludes that closed-loop therapeutics have significant potential in treating neurological disorders, but challenges remain in developing novel technologies and optimizing stimulation settings in clinical environments. The findings suggest that closed-loop therapies may offer better clinical outcomes than open-loop treatments in terms of efficacy and effectiveness. However, further research is needed to improve the stimulation process, enhance sensor technology, and optimize detection algorithms for effective closed-loop modulation.