The article reviews the advancements and challenges in SARS-CoV-2 detection methods, focusing on molecular and serological technologies. Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) remains a reliable method for viral gene detection, while other molecular methods, including nucleic acid amplification techniques (NAATs) and isothermal amplification techniques, offer diverse and effective approaches. Serological assays, which detect antibodies in response to viral infection, are crucial for disease surveillance, with saliva-based immunoassays showing promise. The efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection varies, with IgM indicating recent exposure and IgG offering prolonged detectability. Rapid tests, such as lateral-flow immunoassays, present opportunities for quick diagnosis but require further validation. Challenges include variations in specificity and sensitivity among testing platforms and evolving assay sensitivities over time. SARS-CoV-2 antigens, particularly the N and S proteins, play a crucial role in diagnostic methods, and innovative approaches like nanozyme-based assays and specific nucleotide aptamers offer enhanced sensitivity and flexibility. Overall, ongoing advancements in SARS-CoV-2 detection methods contribute to the global effort in combating the COVID-19 pandemic.The article reviews the advancements and challenges in SARS-CoV-2 detection methods, focusing on molecular and serological technologies. Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) remains a reliable method for viral gene detection, while other molecular methods, including nucleic acid amplification techniques (NAATs) and isothermal amplification techniques, offer diverse and effective approaches. Serological assays, which detect antibodies in response to viral infection, are crucial for disease surveillance, with saliva-based immunoassays showing promise. The efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection varies, with IgM indicating recent exposure and IgG offering prolonged detectability. Rapid tests, such as lateral-flow immunoassays, present opportunities for quick diagnosis but require further validation. Challenges include variations in specificity and sensitivity among testing platforms and evolving assay sensitivities over time. SARS-CoV-2 antigens, particularly the N and S proteins, play a crucial role in diagnostic methods, and innovative approaches like nanozyme-based assays and specific nucleotide aptamers offer enhanced sensitivity and flexibility. Overall, ongoing advancements in SARS-CoV-2 detection methods contribute to the global effort in combating the COVID-19 pandemic.