This review discusses the advancements and challenges in SARS-CoV-2 detection using molecular and serological technologies. Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) remains the most reliable method for detecting viral RNA, while other molecular techniques like nucleic acid amplification (NAATs) and isothermal amplification methods offer alternative approaches. Serological assays, which detect antibodies, are crucial for disease surveillance, with saliva-based immunoassays showing promise. IgM indicates recent exposure, while IgG provides prolonged detectability. Rapid tests, including lateral-flow immunoassays, offer quick diagnosis but require further validation. Challenges include variability in test specificity and sensitivity, as well as evolving assay sensitivities. SARS-CoV-2 antigens, particularly the N and S proteins, are central to diagnostic methods. Innovative approaches like nanozyme-based assays and specific nucleotide aptamers enhance sensitivity and flexibility. The review highlights ongoing advancements in detection methods, which are vital for combating the COVID-19 pandemic. Molecular techniques, including NAATs and isothermal amplification, provide reliable viral gene detection, while serological assays contribute to understanding both active and past infections. Rapid tests show promise but require validation. Challenges such as test variability and evolving sensitivities must be addressed. SARS-CoV-2 antigens, especially N and S proteins, are key to diagnostic methods, with innovative approaches improving sensitivity and flexibility. Overall, ongoing advancements in detection techniques are crucial for effective pandemic management.This review discusses the advancements and challenges in SARS-CoV-2 detection using molecular and serological technologies. Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) remains the most reliable method for detecting viral RNA, while other molecular techniques like nucleic acid amplification (NAATs) and isothermal amplification methods offer alternative approaches. Serological assays, which detect antibodies, are crucial for disease surveillance, with saliva-based immunoassays showing promise. IgM indicates recent exposure, while IgG provides prolonged detectability. Rapid tests, including lateral-flow immunoassays, offer quick diagnosis but require further validation. Challenges include variability in test specificity and sensitivity, as well as evolving assay sensitivities. SARS-CoV-2 antigens, particularly the N and S proteins, are central to diagnostic methods. Innovative approaches like nanozyme-based assays and specific nucleotide aptamers enhance sensitivity and flexibility. The review highlights ongoing advancements in detection methods, which are vital for combating the COVID-19 pandemic. Molecular techniques, including NAATs and isothermal amplification, provide reliable viral gene detection, while serological assays contribute to understanding both active and past infections. Rapid tests show promise but require validation. Challenges such as test variability and evolving sensitivities must be addressed. SARS-CoV-2 antigens, especially N and S proteins, are key to diagnostic methods, with innovative approaches improving sensitivity and flexibility. Overall, ongoing advancements in detection techniques are crucial for effective pandemic management.