This review discusses the advancements in 3D printing technology for polymer composites, focusing on optimization of printing techniques, development of novel consumables, and applications in creating functional polymer composites. The optimization of 3D printing technology involves improving equipment and parameters to enhance the processing characteristics and performance of polymer composites. Novel consumables, such as new printing filaments, inks, photosensitive resins, and powders, are introduced to address specific properties and applications. The applications section explores the integration of 3D printing with polymer composites to create functional materials with enhanced thermal conductivity, electromagnetic interference shielding, biomedicine, self-healing, and environmental responsiveness. The review aims to deepen the understanding of the intersection between 3D printing and polymer composites and to anticipate future trends and applications. Key advancements include improvements in printing accuracy and stability, the development of eco-friendly inks, and the creation of high-performance composite materials.This review discusses the advancements in 3D printing technology for polymer composites, focusing on optimization of printing techniques, development of novel consumables, and applications in creating functional polymer composites. The optimization of 3D printing technology involves improving equipment and parameters to enhance the processing characteristics and performance of polymer composites. Novel consumables, such as new printing filaments, inks, photosensitive resins, and powders, are introduced to address specific properties and applications. The applications section explores the integration of 3D printing with polymer composites to create functional materials with enhanced thermal conductivity, electromagnetic interference shielding, biomedicine, self-healing, and environmental responsiveness. The review aims to deepen the understanding of the intersection between 3D printing and polymer composites and to anticipate future trends and applications. Key advancements include improvements in printing accuracy and stability, the development of eco-friendly inks, and the creation of high-performance composite materials.