Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide, necessitating continuous advancements in diagnosis and treatment. This review highlights recent breakthroughs and emerging trends in managing NSCLC, focusing on diagnostic methods, targeted therapies, and immunotherapies. Advances in imaging technologies and molecular biomarkers have significantly improved early detection and personalized treatment plans. New targeted therapies, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors for EGFR, ALK, and ROS1 mutations, have shown promising results in improving patient outcomes. Immunotherapies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, have also demonstrated effectiveness in strengthening the immune response against cancer cells. However, challenges remain, including treatment resistance, the diversity of the disease, and limited access to advanced therapies. Ongoing research aims to address these issues by developing new therapies, improving early detection methods, and enhancing treatment strategies. The integration of advanced imaging and molecular diagnostics is crucial for precise tumor characterization, early detection, and personalized treatment. Surgical advances, such as minimally invasive techniques and enhanced recovery protocols, have improved surgical outcomes and patient recovery. Innovations in radiotherapy, including stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), have revolutionized disease management by offering precise targeting and reduced side effects. Systemic therapies, particularly targeted inhibitors for specific genetic mutations, have transformed NSCLC treatment by providing highly effective, mutation-specific options. Despite these advancements, healthcare disparities, economic constraints, and ethical considerations remain significant challenges in NSCLC management. Addressing these issues is essential for improving patient outcomes and ensuring equitable access to advanced treatments.Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide, necessitating continuous advancements in diagnosis and treatment. This review highlights recent breakthroughs and emerging trends in managing NSCLC, focusing on diagnostic methods, targeted therapies, and immunotherapies. Advances in imaging technologies and molecular biomarkers have significantly improved early detection and personalized treatment plans. New targeted therapies, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors for EGFR, ALK, and ROS1 mutations, have shown promising results in improving patient outcomes. Immunotherapies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, have also demonstrated effectiveness in strengthening the immune response against cancer cells. However, challenges remain, including treatment resistance, the diversity of the disease, and limited access to advanced therapies. Ongoing research aims to address these issues by developing new therapies, improving early detection methods, and enhancing treatment strategies. The integration of advanced imaging and molecular diagnostics is crucial for precise tumor characterization, early detection, and personalized treatment. Surgical advances, such as minimally invasive techniques and enhanced recovery protocols, have improved surgical outcomes and patient recovery. Innovations in radiotherapy, including stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), have revolutionized disease management by offering precise targeting and reduced side effects. Systemic therapies, particularly targeted inhibitors for specific genetic mutations, have transformed NSCLC treatment by providing highly effective, mutation-specific options. Despite these advancements, healthcare disparities, economic constraints, and ethical considerations remain significant challenges in NSCLC management. Addressing these issues is essential for improving patient outcomes and ensuring equitable access to advanced treatments.