Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally, with approximately 85% of all lung cancer cases falling under this category. The disease is influenced by factors such as smoking, environmental exposure, and genetic predisposition. Recent advancements in diagnostic methods, including improved imaging technologies and molecular biomarkers, have enhanced early detection and personalized treatment strategies. New targeted therapies and immunotherapies have significantly improved patient outcomes, particularly for advanced NSCLC. However, challenges such as treatment resistance, disease heterogeneity, and limited access to advanced therapies persist. Emerging therapies like CAR-T cell therapy and oncolytic viruses show promise for further revolutionizing NSCLC treatment. The integration of advanced imaging techniques, molecular diagnostics, and precision medicine is crucial for improving NSCLC management. Innovations in surgical techniques, radiotherapy, and systemic therapies, including targeted inhibitors for genetic mutations, have transformed NSCLC treatment. Despite these advancements, challenges such as resistance mechanisms and the need for more effective combination therapies remain. Ongoing research and technological developments continue to refine NSCLC treatment, offering hope for better patient outcomes.Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally, with approximately 85% of all lung cancer cases falling under this category. The disease is influenced by factors such as smoking, environmental exposure, and genetic predisposition. Recent advancements in diagnostic methods, including improved imaging technologies and molecular biomarkers, have enhanced early detection and personalized treatment strategies. New targeted therapies and immunotherapies have significantly improved patient outcomes, particularly for advanced NSCLC. However, challenges such as treatment resistance, disease heterogeneity, and limited access to advanced therapies persist. Emerging therapies like CAR-T cell therapy and oncolytic viruses show promise for further revolutionizing NSCLC treatment. The integration of advanced imaging techniques, molecular diagnostics, and precision medicine is crucial for improving NSCLC management. Innovations in surgical techniques, radiotherapy, and systemic therapies, including targeted inhibitors for genetic mutations, have transformed NSCLC treatment. Despite these advancements, challenges such as resistance mechanisms and the need for more effective combination therapies remain. Ongoing research and technological developments continue to refine NSCLC treatment, offering hope for better patient outcomes.