The article by A. A. Mangoni and S. H. D. Jackson discusses the age-related changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, providing a comprehensive overview of how these changes affect drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and therapeutic effects in older adults. The authors highlight that aging is characterized by a progressive accumulation of molecular, cellular, and tissue-level changes, leading to a reduction in functional reserve and increased vulnerability to stress. Key age-related changes in organ systems such as the cardiovascular, renal, gastrointestinal, and hepatic systems are detailed, along with their implications for drug disposition. The article also addresses specific clinical situations, such as congestive heart failure, and discusses the pharmacodynamic changes that occur with aging, which generally increase sensitivity to drugs. The authors emphasize the importance of understanding these age-related changes to optimize drug therapy in elderly patients.The article by A. A. Mangoni and S. H. D. Jackson discusses the age-related changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, providing a comprehensive overview of how these changes affect drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and therapeutic effects in older adults. The authors highlight that aging is characterized by a progressive accumulation of molecular, cellular, and tissue-level changes, leading to a reduction in functional reserve and increased vulnerability to stress. Key age-related changes in organ systems such as the cardiovascular, renal, gastrointestinal, and hepatic systems are detailed, along with their implications for drug disposition. The article also addresses specific clinical situations, such as congestive heart failure, and discusses the pharmacodynamic changes that occur with aging, which generally increase sensitivity to drugs. The authors emphasize the importance of understanding these age-related changes to optimize drug therapy in elderly patients.