The chapter discusses the concept of agricultural sustainability, emphasizing the need to develop technologies and practices that do not harm the environment, are accessible and effective for farmers, and improve food productivity. Despite significant progress in agricultural productivity, new approaches are needed to integrate biological and ecological processes, minimize non-renewable input use, and leverage farmers' knowledge and collective capacities. These principles help build capital assets such as natural, social, human, physical, and financial capital. The chapter highlights the importance of improving natural capital through efficient use of genotypes and ecological conditions. It also addresses the challenges of reducing environmental externalities and the costs associated with them. The text provides examples of successful sustainable agriculture initiatives, including integrated pest management, nutrient management, conservation tillage, agroforestry, and water harvesting. It discusses the trade-offs between sustainability and productivity, noting that while some sustainable practices may reduce yields, they often have positive side effects on natural capital, social capital, and human capital. The chapter concludes by discussing the economic benefits of these spin-offs and the importance of measuring and valuing them.The chapter discusses the concept of agricultural sustainability, emphasizing the need to develop technologies and practices that do not harm the environment, are accessible and effective for farmers, and improve food productivity. Despite significant progress in agricultural productivity, new approaches are needed to integrate biological and ecological processes, minimize non-renewable input use, and leverage farmers' knowledge and collective capacities. These principles help build capital assets such as natural, social, human, physical, and financial capital. The chapter highlights the importance of improving natural capital through efficient use of genotypes and ecological conditions. It also addresses the challenges of reducing environmental externalities and the costs associated with them. The text provides examples of successful sustainable agriculture initiatives, including integrated pest management, nutrient management, conservation tillage, agroforestry, and water harvesting. It discusses the trade-offs between sustainability and productivity, noting that while some sustainable practices may reduce yields, they often have positive side effects on natural capital, social capital, and human capital. The chapter concludes by discussing the economic benefits of these spin-offs and the importance of measuring and valuing them.