Agricultural sustainability focuses on developing technologies and practices that do not harm the environment, are accessible to farmers, and improve food productivity. Despite past progress in agricultural productivity, future relationships between inputs and outputs may not remain linear. New approaches are needed to integrate biological and ecological processes, minimize harmful inputs, and leverage human and collective capacities to solve agricultural and natural resource problems. These principles build natural, social, human, physical, and financial capital. Improving natural capital is central, with benefits from better crop and animal genotypes and ecological conditions. Sustainable agriculture emphasizes genotype improvements and ecological management, leading to landscape-scale redesign. Outcomes include improved food productivity, reduced pesticide use, and better carbon balances. Challenges remain in developing policies to support sustainable agriculture globally. Agricultural sustainability is not about reducing inputs but about intensifying resource use efficiently. It involves integrating biological and ecological processes, minimizing harmful inputs, and using farmers' knowledge and collective efforts. Sustainable agriculture systems are multifunctional, producing food and other goods while contributing to environmental services like clean water, carbon sequestration, and biodiversity. These systems require local adaptation and social and human capital. Sustainable intensification, using natural and human capital, combined with best technologies, can reduce environmental harm. Agricultural systems rely on five types of capital: natural, social, human, physical, and financial. Sustainable systems positively affect these capitals, while unsustainable ones deplete them. Improvements in these capitals contribute to sustainability. However, agricultural sustainability does not require all capitals to improve simultaneously. Trade-offs may occur, but there are usually strong links between changes in natural, social, and human capital. Agricultural sustainability involves reducing negative externalities, such as environmental and health costs from pesticides and transportation. These externalities are often not reflected in market prices, leading to market failure. Sustainable practices, like integrated pest management (IPM), can reduce these costs. Data show that sustainable agroecosystems can improve yields, reduce pesticide use, and enhance natural capital. For example, IPM reduces pesticide use without harming yields, and sustainable practices in developing countries have led to significant improvements in yields and environmental outcomes. Sustainable agroecosystems also have positive side effects, such as improved natural capital, stronger social networks, and enhanced human capacities. These systems can increase local employment, reduce migration, and improve health and nutrition. However, the full economic benefits of these spin-offs are not well understood. In many industrialized countries, agriculture is seen as less important, but in poor countries, it remains crucial for livelihoods. Sustainable agriculture can reduce pesticide use and improve yields without penalties. IPM programs in developing countries show that pesticide use can be reduced while maintaining or increasing yields. The four possible trajectories of IPM impact include increased pesticide use and yields, increased pesticide use with declining yields, decreased pesticide use with declining yields, and decreased pesticide use with increased yields. Sustainable practices, such as conservation tillage,Agricultural sustainability focuses on developing technologies and practices that do not harm the environment, are accessible to farmers, and improve food productivity. Despite past progress in agricultural productivity, future relationships between inputs and outputs may not remain linear. New approaches are needed to integrate biological and ecological processes, minimize harmful inputs, and leverage human and collective capacities to solve agricultural and natural resource problems. These principles build natural, social, human, physical, and financial capital. Improving natural capital is central, with benefits from better crop and animal genotypes and ecological conditions. Sustainable agriculture emphasizes genotype improvements and ecological management, leading to landscape-scale redesign. Outcomes include improved food productivity, reduced pesticide use, and better carbon balances. Challenges remain in developing policies to support sustainable agriculture globally. Agricultural sustainability is not about reducing inputs but about intensifying resource use efficiently. It involves integrating biological and ecological processes, minimizing harmful inputs, and using farmers' knowledge and collective efforts. Sustainable agriculture systems are multifunctional, producing food and other goods while contributing to environmental services like clean water, carbon sequestration, and biodiversity. These systems require local adaptation and social and human capital. Sustainable intensification, using natural and human capital, combined with best technologies, can reduce environmental harm. Agricultural systems rely on five types of capital: natural, social, human, physical, and financial. Sustainable systems positively affect these capitals, while unsustainable ones deplete them. Improvements in these capitals contribute to sustainability. However, agricultural sustainability does not require all capitals to improve simultaneously. Trade-offs may occur, but there are usually strong links between changes in natural, social, and human capital. Agricultural sustainability involves reducing negative externalities, such as environmental and health costs from pesticides and transportation. These externalities are often not reflected in market prices, leading to market failure. Sustainable practices, like integrated pest management (IPM), can reduce these costs. Data show that sustainable agroecosystems can improve yields, reduce pesticide use, and enhance natural capital. For example, IPM reduces pesticide use without harming yields, and sustainable practices in developing countries have led to significant improvements in yields and environmental outcomes. Sustainable agroecosystems also have positive side effects, such as improved natural capital, stronger social networks, and enhanced human capacities. These systems can increase local employment, reduce migration, and improve health and nutrition. However, the full economic benefits of these spin-offs are not well understood. In many industrialized countries, agriculture is seen as less important, but in poor countries, it remains crucial for livelihoods. Sustainable agriculture can reduce pesticide use and improve yields without penalties. IPM programs in developing countries show that pesticide use can be reduced while maintaining or increasing yields. The four possible trajectories of IPM impact include increased pesticide use and yields, increased pesticide use with declining yields, decreased pesticide use with declining yields, and decreased pesticide use with increased yields. Sustainable practices, such as conservation tillage,