Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use (AFOLU) is a key sector for climate change mitigation, contributing about 24% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, mainly from deforestation and agricultural activities. The sector has significant potential for mitigation through improved land and livestock management, carbon sequestration, and reducing emissions from energy production. However, there are challenges in implementing these measures, including access to financing, poverty, institutional barriers, and ecological constraints. The chapter highlights the importance of considering the multiple ecosystem services provided by land, including climate regulation, and the need for policies that address both mitigation and adaptation. It also discusses the role of bioenergy in mitigation, noting the need for sustainable practices and efficient systems. The chapter provides an overview of emission trends, drivers, and mitigation options, emphasizing the need for integrated approaches that consider the complex interactions between land use, climate change, and sustainable development. The potential for mitigation is significant, with estimates suggesting that AFOLU could contribute up to 60% of total cumulative abatement by 2030. However, achieving this potential requires coordinated policies and effective implementation strategies. The chapter also addresses the challenges of estimating mitigation potentials, the importance of regional differences in mitigation potential, and the need for further research into demand-side mitigation options. Overall, the chapter underscores the critical role of AFOLU in climate change mitigation and the need for comprehensive, integrated approaches to achieve sustainable development.Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use (AFOLU) is a key sector for climate change mitigation, contributing about 24% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, mainly from deforestation and agricultural activities. The sector has significant potential for mitigation through improved land and livestock management, carbon sequestration, and reducing emissions from energy production. However, there are challenges in implementing these measures, including access to financing, poverty, institutional barriers, and ecological constraints. The chapter highlights the importance of considering the multiple ecosystem services provided by land, including climate regulation, and the need for policies that address both mitigation and adaptation. It also discusses the role of bioenergy in mitigation, noting the need for sustainable practices and efficient systems. The chapter provides an overview of emission trends, drivers, and mitigation options, emphasizing the need for integrated approaches that consider the complex interactions between land use, climate change, and sustainable development. The potential for mitigation is significant, with estimates suggesting that AFOLU could contribute up to 60% of total cumulative abatement by 2030. However, achieving this potential requires coordinated policies and effective implementation strategies. The chapter also addresses the challenges of estimating mitigation potentials, the importance of regional differences in mitigation potential, and the need for further research into demand-side mitigation options. Overall, the chapter underscores the critical role of AFOLU in climate change mitigation and the need for comprehensive, integrated approaches to achieve sustainable development.