This study investigates altitude-dependent variations in morphological and anatomical features of Anatolian chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) leaves and wood. Leaf samples were collected from three altitude zones (0-200 m, 200-400 m, and 400-600 m) in Kastamonu province, Turkey. Morphological parameters such as leaf blade width, petiole length, and angles between leaf base and petiole were measured. Stomata were examined under a scanning electron microscope, revealing hypostomatic type with stomata only on the abaxial surface. Anatomical characteristics of wood, including fibre wall thickness, elasticity coefficient, and Runkel ratio, were analyzed. Results showed that altitude significantly affected most studied parameters, except for leaf blade width, fibre length, and lumen width. The 400-600 m altitude zone exhibited the highest stomatal density and other micro-morphological traits. Variance and Duncan tests confirmed significant differences in most characteristics across altitude zones. The study highlights the importance of altitude in shaping plant morphology and anatomy, with implications for ecological research and plant breeding. The findings suggest that chestnut trees at higher altitudes may have distinct morphological and anatomical adaptations, which could be useful for seed orchard establishment and genetic diversity management.This study investigates altitude-dependent variations in morphological and anatomical features of Anatolian chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) leaves and wood. Leaf samples were collected from three altitude zones (0-200 m, 200-400 m, and 400-600 m) in Kastamonu province, Turkey. Morphological parameters such as leaf blade width, petiole length, and angles between leaf base and petiole were measured. Stomata were examined under a scanning electron microscope, revealing hypostomatic type with stomata only on the abaxial surface. Anatomical characteristics of wood, including fibre wall thickness, elasticity coefficient, and Runkel ratio, were analyzed. Results showed that altitude significantly affected most studied parameters, except for leaf blade width, fibre length, and lumen width. The 400-600 m altitude zone exhibited the highest stomatal density and other micro-morphological traits. Variance and Duncan tests confirmed significant differences in most characteristics across altitude zones. The study highlights the importance of altitude in shaping plant morphology and anatomy, with implications for ecological research and plant breeding. The findings suggest that chestnut trees at higher altitudes may have distinct morphological and anatomical adaptations, which could be useful for seed orchard establishment and genetic diversity management.