The bread wheat genome (Triticum aestivum) was sequenced using 454 pyrosequencing, revealing a 17-gigabase-pair hexaploid genome. The study compared this with diploid ancestral and progenitor genomes, identifying approximately 94,000–96,000 genes, with two-thirds assigned to the A, B, and D genomes. High-resolution synteny maps showed gene order disruptions, indicating the genome's dynamic nature. Gene family members were significantly reduced due to polyploidization and domestication, while some gene families involved in energy harvesting, metabolism, and growth were expanded, potentially linked to crop productivity. The study identified over 132,000 SNPs, providing a resource for gene discovery and improving wheat production. The genome analysis revealed that the hexaploid genome has a higher gene copy number than diploid progenitors, with a ratio of 2.5:1 to 2.7:1. However, gene loss in hexaploid wheat compared to maize and Brassica rapa was smaller, possibly due to its recent origin and lack of intergenome recombination. Despite this, gene loss in wheat could be rapid, as seen in newly created allopolyploid species. Functional gene classes showed equal loss in all three genomes, but transcription factor families were retained, maintaining transcriptional networks and contributing to non-additive gene expression and genome plasticity. The study highlights the importance of genomic resources in accelerating wheat improvement through genetic diversity and trait analysis. The research provides a comprehensive framework for understanding wheat genome structure and evolution, supporting future breeding and genetic studies.The bread wheat genome (Triticum aestivum) was sequenced using 454 pyrosequencing, revealing a 17-gigabase-pair hexaploid genome. The study compared this with diploid ancestral and progenitor genomes, identifying approximately 94,000–96,000 genes, with two-thirds assigned to the A, B, and D genomes. High-resolution synteny maps showed gene order disruptions, indicating the genome's dynamic nature. Gene family members were significantly reduced due to polyploidization and domestication, while some gene families involved in energy harvesting, metabolism, and growth were expanded, potentially linked to crop productivity. The study identified over 132,000 SNPs, providing a resource for gene discovery and improving wheat production. The genome analysis revealed that the hexaploid genome has a higher gene copy number than diploid progenitors, with a ratio of 2.5:1 to 2.7:1. However, gene loss in hexaploid wheat compared to maize and Brassica rapa was smaller, possibly due to its recent origin and lack of intergenome recombination. Despite this, gene loss in wheat could be rapid, as seen in newly created allopolyploid species. Functional gene classes showed equal loss in all three genomes, but transcription factor families were retained, maintaining transcriptional networks and contributing to non-additive gene expression and genome plasticity. The study highlights the importance of genomic resources in accelerating wheat improvement through genetic diversity and trait analysis. The research provides a comprehensive framework for understanding wheat genome structure and evolution, supporting future breeding and genetic studies.