This paper reviews the analytical methods used for detecting and monitoring various contaminants in water and wastewater. The authors emphasize the critical role of advanced analytical tools in assessing environmental quality, identifying pollution sources, and implementing remedial measures. The review covers a wide range of contaminants, including organic and inorganic compounds, particulates, microorganisms, and disinfection by-products (DBPs). Key analytical techniques discussed include chromatography (gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, and high-performance liquid chromatography), atomic absorption spectrometry, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and ion chromatography. The paper also highlights the importance of sample preparation techniques such as liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction. Additionally, it explores the detection of specific contaminants like pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and microplastics, as well as the challenges and limitations of current methods. The authors conclude by emphasizing the need for continuous innovation in monitoring methods to address the growing global concern of environmental pollution and to ensure the sustainability of water resources.This paper reviews the analytical methods used for detecting and monitoring various contaminants in water and wastewater. The authors emphasize the critical role of advanced analytical tools in assessing environmental quality, identifying pollution sources, and implementing remedial measures. The review covers a wide range of contaminants, including organic and inorganic compounds, particulates, microorganisms, and disinfection by-products (DBPs). Key analytical techniques discussed include chromatography (gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, and high-performance liquid chromatography), atomic absorption spectrometry, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and ion chromatography. The paper also highlights the importance of sample preparation techniques such as liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction. Additionally, it explores the detection of specific contaminants like pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and microplastics, as well as the challenges and limitations of current methods. The authors conclude by emphasizing the need for continuous innovation in monitoring methods to address the growing global concern of environmental pollution and to ensure the sustainability of water resources.