The study investigates the gender gap in agricultural productivity in Ethiopia using national panel data from 3474 households collected in 2017 and 2019. The analysis employs the Difference in Differences (DID) method, the Random Effect Tobit model, and Oaxaca decomposition to explore the factors contributing to the gender gap. Key findings include: 1. **Productivity Gap**: Female-headed households were found to be less productive, with a 3.7% and 2.05 quintals per hectare lower productivity compared to male-headed households when measured in terms of value and area-based productivity, respectively. Male-headed households showed a 4% and 2.05 quintals higher productivity. 2. **Determinants of the Gap**: Soil fertility, household head gender, land slope, total livestock holding, extension contact, use of inorganic fertilizer, credit use, machinery use, and plantation method were identified as significant determinants of the gender gap. 3. **Oaxaca Decomposition**: The gender productivity difference was 11.2% when measured by value and 5% when measured by area-weighted formula. The structural effect was found to be more influential than the endowment effect, suggesting that even with equal access to resources, the productivity gap persists due to differences in returns to resource endowment. 4. **Policy Implications**: The study recommends empowering women through various training programs and gender-mainstreamed extension training to reduce the gender productivity gap. Increasing women's access to agricultural technologies and improving their economic viability can enhance food security, nutrition, education, and health outcomes for children. The study highlights the importance of addressing the gender gap in agricultural productivity to achieve sustainable development goals and improve the livelihoods of women and their families in Ethiopia.The study investigates the gender gap in agricultural productivity in Ethiopia using national panel data from 3474 households collected in 2017 and 2019. The analysis employs the Difference in Differences (DID) method, the Random Effect Tobit model, and Oaxaca decomposition to explore the factors contributing to the gender gap. Key findings include: 1. **Productivity Gap**: Female-headed households were found to be less productive, with a 3.7% and 2.05 quintals per hectare lower productivity compared to male-headed households when measured in terms of value and area-based productivity, respectively. Male-headed households showed a 4% and 2.05 quintals higher productivity. 2. **Determinants of the Gap**: Soil fertility, household head gender, land slope, total livestock holding, extension contact, use of inorganic fertilizer, credit use, machinery use, and plantation method were identified as significant determinants of the gender gap. 3. **Oaxaca Decomposition**: The gender productivity difference was 11.2% when measured by value and 5% when measured by area-weighted formula. The structural effect was found to be more influential than the endowment effect, suggesting that even with equal access to resources, the productivity gap persists due to differences in returns to resource endowment. 4. **Policy Implications**: The study recommends empowering women through various training programs and gender-mainstreamed extension training to reduce the gender productivity gap. Increasing women's access to agricultural technologies and improving their economic viability can enhance food security, nutrition, education, and health outcomes for children. The study highlights the importance of addressing the gender gap in agricultural productivity to achieve sustainable development goals and improve the livelihoods of women and their families in Ethiopia.