This study investigates the gender gap in agricultural productivity in Ethiopia using panel data from 3474 households collected in 2017 and 2019. The data includes 69% male-headed and 31% female-headed households. The study employs the Difference-in-Differences (DID) method, Oaxaca decomposition, and the Random Effect Tobit model to analyze the gender gap. Results show that female-headed households were less productive by 3.7% and 2.05 quintals per hectare compared to male-headed households. The Oaxaca decomposition reveals a gender productivity difference of 11.2% when measured by value and 5% when measured by area-weighted formula. The study finds that structural effects, rather than endowment effects, are more significant in explaining the gender gap. Factors such as soil fertility, extension contact, credit use, and machinery use are key determinants of the gender gap. The study concludes that improving women's empowerment through training programs and gender-mainstreamed extension services is essential to reduce the gender productivity gap. The findings highlight the need for policies that address structural inequalities and improve access to resources for female-headed households.This study investigates the gender gap in agricultural productivity in Ethiopia using panel data from 3474 households collected in 2017 and 2019. The data includes 69% male-headed and 31% female-headed households. The study employs the Difference-in-Differences (DID) method, Oaxaca decomposition, and the Random Effect Tobit model to analyze the gender gap. Results show that female-headed households were less productive by 3.7% and 2.05 quintals per hectare compared to male-headed households. The Oaxaca decomposition reveals a gender productivity difference of 11.2% when measured by value and 5% when measured by area-weighted formula. The study finds that structural effects, rather than endowment effects, are more significant in explaining the gender gap. Factors such as soil fertility, extension contact, credit use, and machinery use are key determinants of the gender gap. The study concludes that improving women's empowerment through training programs and gender-mainstreamed extension services is essential to reduce the gender productivity gap. The findings highlight the need for policies that address structural inequalities and improve access to resources for female-headed households.