The article "Androgen Receptor in Prostate Cancer" by Cynthia A. Heinlein and Chawnshang Chang reviews the role of the androgen receptor (AR) in prostate development, carcinogenesis, and progression. Androgens, acting through AR, are crucial for normal prostate development and maintenance. AR expression remains significant throughout prostate cancer progression, and most hormone-refractory cancers express AR. Mutations in AR, particularly those that relax ligand specificity, can contribute to cancer progression by upregulating and activating AR in response to antiandrogens or other hormones. Alterations in AR coregulator expression also occur with cancer progression, potentially affecting AR ligand specificity and transcriptional activity. Prostate cancer progression is associated with increased growth factor production and altered responses to these factors, which modulate AR activity through signal transduction cascades. The article discusses the impact of AR trinucleotide repeat polymorphisms, AR amplification, overexpression of AR coregulators, and interactions with tumor suppressor genes on prostate cancer development and progression. It highlights the importance of understanding these mechanisms to develop more effective treatments for prostate cancer.The article "Androgen Receptor in Prostate Cancer" by Cynthia A. Heinlein and Chawnshang Chang reviews the role of the androgen receptor (AR) in prostate development, carcinogenesis, and progression. Androgens, acting through AR, are crucial for normal prostate development and maintenance. AR expression remains significant throughout prostate cancer progression, and most hormone-refractory cancers express AR. Mutations in AR, particularly those that relax ligand specificity, can contribute to cancer progression by upregulating and activating AR in response to antiandrogens or other hormones. Alterations in AR coregulator expression also occur with cancer progression, potentially affecting AR ligand specificity and transcriptional activity. Prostate cancer progression is associated with increased growth factor production and altered responses to these factors, which modulate AR activity through signal transduction cascades. The article discusses the impact of AR trinucleotide repeat polymorphisms, AR amplification, overexpression of AR coregulators, and interactions with tumor suppressor genes on prostate cancer development and progression. It highlights the importance of understanding these mechanisms to develop more effective treatments for prostate cancer.