This article reviews the mechanisms of action, efficacy, and limitations of anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 therapies in cancer treatment, particularly in melanoma. It highlights the role of these immune checkpoint inhibitors in boosting anti-tumor immune responses and their clinical improvements in various cancers. The review also discusses the challenges and side effects associated with these treatments, including immune exhaustion and the development of resistance mechanisms. Additionally, it explores biomarkers that can predict treatment efficacy and future avenues for improving the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as combination therapies and targeting alternative inhibitory receptors. The article emphasizes the need for further research to enhance the effectiveness and safety of these therapies.This article reviews the mechanisms of action, efficacy, and limitations of anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 therapies in cancer treatment, particularly in melanoma. It highlights the role of these immune checkpoint inhibitors in boosting anti-tumor immune responses and their clinical improvements in various cancers. The review also discusses the challenges and side effects associated with these treatments, including immune exhaustion and the development of resistance mechanisms. Additionally, it explores biomarkers that can predict treatment efficacy and future avenues for improving the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as combination therapies and targeting alternative inhibitory receptors. The article emphasizes the need for further research to enhance the effectiveness and safety of these therapies.