This review article by Ropper, Dalmau, and Graus provides an overview of antibody-mediated encephalitides, a group of inflammatory brain diseases characterized by prominent neuropsychiatric symptoms and associated with antibodies against neuronal cell-surface proteins, ion channels, or receptors. These diseases affect individuals of all ages but are more common in children and young adults. The article highlights the clinical features, frequency, immunological features, and associated disorders of these encephalitides. It also discusses the mechanisms of disease, including the role of autoantibodies in neuronal dysfunction and the potential triggers such as tumors and viral infections. The clinical syndromes, such as anti-NMDAR encephalitis and limbic encephalitis, are described in detail, along with their diagnostic criteria and treatment approaches. The authors emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and prompt immunotherapy for improving outcomes. The review also touches on the future directions for research, including the need to identify biomarkers for prognosis and treatment decisions, and to better understand the pathogenic mechanisms underlying these diseases.This review article by Ropper, Dalmau, and Graus provides an overview of antibody-mediated encephalitides, a group of inflammatory brain diseases characterized by prominent neuropsychiatric symptoms and associated with antibodies against neuronal cell-surface proteins, ion channels, or receptors. These diseases affect individuals of all ages but are more common in children and young adults. The article highlights the clinical features, frequency, immunological features, and associated disorders of these encephalitides. It also discusses the mechanisms of disease, including the role of autoantibodies in neuronal dysfunction and the potential triggers such as tumors and viral infections. The clinical syndromes, such as anti-NMDAR encephalitis and limbic encephalitis, are described in detail, along with their diagnostic criteria and treatment approaches. The authors emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and prompt immunotherapy for improving outcomes. The review also touches on the future directions for research, including the need to identify biomarkers for prognosis and treatment decisions, and to better understand the pathogenic mechanisms underlying these diseases.