Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global health threat, particularly from Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), a major nosocomial pathogen that causes various infections, including pneumonia, sepsis, and urinary tract infections. Over the past two decades, K. pneumoniae has become more virulent and antibiotic-resistant due to the acquisition of resistomes on plasmids and transposons. The main mechanisms of resistance include efflux pumps, target alteration, membrane permeability changes, and enzymatic hydrolysis of antibiotics. K. pneumoniae produces enzymes such as extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL), carbapenemases, and metallo-β-lactamases (MBL), which confer resistance to β-lactam drugs and other antibiotic classes. The emergence of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM) and KPC-producing isolates has made treatment of infections caused by these bacteria extremely challenging, with limited therapeutic options available. Therapeutic strategies include colistin, tigecycline, and fosfomycin, often in combination. However, the development of new treatment regimens is urgently needed. Conventional diagnostic tools are insufficient, and novel techniques are required for the accurate identification of multidrug-resistant bacteria. AMR is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with millions of deaths attributed to AMR-related infections annually. The economic burden is substantial, with countries like the European Union and the United States investing heavily to combat AMR. The mechanisms of resistance include target modification, changes in membrane permeability, increased efflux pump activity, and enzymatic degradation of antibiotics. The classification of β-lactamases includes Ambler and Bush-Jacoby schemes, with various subtypes such as ESBLs, AmpC, and class A, B, and D carbapenemases. The global spread of AMR pathogens, including K. pneumoniae, is a major public health concern, with high mortality rates in developing countries. Effective strategies to combat AMR include public awareness, improved hygiene, reduced antibiotic overuse, global surveillance, and the development of alternative treatments such as vaccines, phage therapy, and antibiotics. Collaboration among global organizations is essential to address this growing threat.Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global health threat, particularly from Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), a major nosocomial pathogen that causes various infections, including pneumonia, sepsis, and urinary tract infections. Over the past two decades, K. pneumoniae has become more virulent and antibiotic-resistant due to the acquisition of resistomes on plasmids and transposons. The main mechanisms of resistance include efflux pumps, target alteration, membrane permeability changes, and enzymatic hydrolysis of antibiotics. K. pneumoniae produces enzymes such as extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL), carbapenemases, and metallo-β-lactamases (MBL), which confer resistance to β-lactam drugs and other antibiotic classes. The emergence of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM) and KPC-producing isolates has made treatment of infections caused by these bacteria extremely challenging, with limited therapeutic options available. Therapeutic strategies include colistin, tigecycline, and fosfomycin, often in combination. However, the development of new treatment regimens is urgently needed. Conventional diagnostic tools are insufficient, and novel techniques are required for the accurate identification of multidrug-resistant bacteria. AMR is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with millions of deaths attributed to AMR-related infections annually. The economic burden is substantial, with countries like the European Union and the United States investing heavily to combat AMR. The mechanisms of resistance include target modification, changes in membrane permeability, increased efflux pump activity, and enzymatic degradation of antibiotics. The classification of β-lactamases includes Ambler and Bush-Jacoby schemes, with various subtypes such as ESBLs, AmpC, and class A, B, and D carbapenemases. The global spread of AMR pathogens, including K. pneumoniae, is a major public health concern, with high mortality rates in developing countries. Effective strategies to combat AMR include public awareness, improved hygiene, reduced antibiotic overuse, global surveillance, and the development of alternative treatments such as vaccines, phage therapy, and antibiotics. Collaboration among global organizations is essential to address this growing threat.