This review explores the antioxidant properties of vitamins, polyphenols, and selenium, highlighting their potential benefits in preventing and treating diseases associated with reactive stress (RS). RS, an imbalance between reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, can damage cellular components and contribute to various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. The review discusses the molecular mechanisms by which these antioxidants work, including their ability to scavenge free radicals, inhibit lipid peroxidation, and modulate gene expression. It also examines the role of transcription factors such as SIRT1 and NRF2 in regulating antioxidant defenses and their potential therapeutic applications. Additionally, the review investigates the relationship between antioxidant metabolism pathways and aging, emphasizing the importance of maintaining redox balance in cellular homeostasis. The article concludes by discussing the positive effects of antioxidant molecules in reducing RS and their potential in slowing down several diseases, while also noting the need for further research to assess the efficacy of antioxidant interventions.This review explores the antioxidant properties of vitamins, polyphenols, and selenium, highlighting their potential benefits in preventing and treating diseases associated with reactive stress (RS). RS, an imbalance between reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, can damage cellular components and contribute to various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. The review discusses the molecular mechanisms by which these antioxidants work, including their ability to scavenge free radicals, inhibit lipid peroxidation, and modulate gene expression. It also examines the role of transcription factors such as SIRT1 and NRF2 in regulating antioxidant defenses and their potential therapeutic applications. Additionally, the review investigates the relationship between antioxidant metabolism pathways and aging, emphasizing the importance of maintaining redox balance in cellular homeostasis. The article concludes by discussing the positive effects of antioxidant molecules in reducing RS and their potential in slowing down several diseases, while also noting the need for further research to assess the efficacy of antioxidant interventions.