Antioxidant Metabolism Pathways in Vitamins, Polyphenols, and Selenium: Parallels and Divergences This review explores the antioxidant metabolism pathways of vitamins, polyphenols, and selenium, highlighting their similarities and differences. Free radicals (FRs) cause oxidative stress (OS), leading to cellular damage and various diseases. Antioxidants, including vitamins A, C, E, polyphenols, and selenium, help neutralize FRs and reduce OS. The review discusses the roles of SIRT1, NRF2, and these antioxidants in aging and disease prevention. Vitamins A, C, and E, along with polyphenols and selenium, have antioxidant properties that may prevent or treat diseases linked to OS. The review examines the metabolic pathways of these compounds, their enzymatic and transcriptional regulation, and their potential health benefits. It also discusses the interaction between SIRT1, NRF2, and these antioxidants in modulating cellular processes. Polyphenols, such as flavonoids, exhibit strong antioxidant activity through radical scavenging, metal chelation, and inhibition of enzymes involved in oxidative processes. Selenium, as part of selenoproteins, plays a crucial role in antioxidant defense and redox balance. The review highlights the importance of dietary intake of these antioxidants and their role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. The NRF2 pathway is activated by various compounds, including polyphenols, vitamins, and selenium, leading to the expression of antioxidant and detoxifying genes. This pathway is crucial for cellular defense against OS. The review also discusses the activation of NRF2 by polyphenols, vitamins, and selenium, emphasizing their roles in maintaining redox balance and preventing diseases. In conclusion, the review underscores the importance of antioxidant metabolism pathways in maintaining health and preventing diseases. It highlights the potential of vitamins, polyphenols, and selenium in modulating these pathways and their roles in aging and disease prevention. The study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the antioxidant effects of these compounds and their potential therapeutic applications.Antioxidant Metabolism Pathways in Vitamins, Polyphenols, and Selenium: Parallels and Divergences This review explores the antioxidant metabolism pathways of vitamins, polyphenols, and selenium, highlighting their similarities and differences. Free radicals (FRs) cause oxidative stress (OS), leading to cellular damage and various diseases. Antioxidants, including vitamins A, C, E, polyphenols, and selenium, help neutralize FRs and reduce OS. The review discusses the roles of SIRT1, NRF2, and these antioxidants in aging and disease prevention. Vitamins A, C, and E, along with polyphenols and selenium, have antioxidant properties that may prevent or treat diseases linked to OS. The review examines the metabolic pathways of these compounds, their enzymatic and transcriptional regulation, and their potential health benefits. It also discusses the interaction between SIRT1, NRF2, and these antioxidants in modulating cellular processes. Polyphenols, such as flavonoids, exhibit strong antioxidant activity through radical scavenging, metal chelation, and inhibition of enzymes involved in oxidative processes. Selenium, as part of selenoproteins, plays a crucial role in antioxidant defense and redox balance. The review highlights the importance of dietary intake of these antioxidants and their role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. The NRF2 pathway is activated by various compounds, including polyphenols, vitamins, and selenium, leading to the expression of antioxidant and detoxifying genes. This pathway is crucial for cellular defense against OS. The review also discusses the activation of NRF2 by polyphenols, vitamins, and selenium, emphasizing their roles in maintaining redox balance and preventing diseases. In conclusion, the review underscores the importance of antioxidant metabolism pathways in maintaining health and preventing diseases. It highlights the potential of vitamins, polyphenols, and selenium in modulating these pathways and their roles in aging and disease prevention. The study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the antioxidant effects of these compounds and their potential therapeutic applications.