This review discusses the application and development of smart thermally conductive fiber materials, which are crucial for efficient heat dissipation in high-power electronic devices and personal thermal management. These materials are characterized by high thermal conductivity and smart response properties, enabling adaptive heat transfer. The review categorizes smart thermally conductive fibers into four types: composite fibers with high thermal conductivity fillers, electrically heated fibers, thermally radiative fibers, and phase change fibers. The review highlights the advantages of these materials, including complex structures, adaptability, functional characteristics, and broad applications. It also discusses the challenges and future development prospects of these materials. The review provides an overview of the fundamental concepts of thermal conductivity and personal thermal management, explores the development of advanced thermally conductive fiber materials, and discusses their applications in various fields. The review emphasizes the importance of these materials in improving thermal management in electronic devices, smart textiles, and personal protective equipment. The review also highlights the potential of these materials in future applications, such as wearable electronics and smart textiles. The review concludes with a discussion of the challenges and opportunities in the development of smart thermally conductive fiber materials.This review discusses the application and development of smart thermally conductive fiber materials, which are crucial for efficient heat dissipation in high-power electronic devices and personal thermal management. These materials are characterized by high thermal conductivity and smart response properties, enabling adaptive heat transfer. The review categorizes smart thermally conductive fibers into four types: composite fibers with high thermal conductivity fillers, electrically heated fibers, thermally radiative fibers, and phase change fibers. The review highlights the advantages of these materials, including complex structures, adaptability, functional characteristics, and broad applications. It also discusses the challenges and future development prospects of these materials. The review provides an overview of the fundamental concepts of thermal conductivity and personal thermal management, explores the development of advanced thermally conductive fiber materials, and discusses their applications in various fields. The review emphasizes the importance of these materials in improving thermal management in electronic devices, smart textiles, and personal protective equipment. The review also highlights the potential of these materials in future applications, such as wearable electronics and smart textiles. The review concludes with a discussion of the challenges and opportunities in the development of smart thermally conductive fiber materials.