Electrospun drug-loaded nanofibers have emerged as a promising approach in cancer therapy due to their ability to provide controlled and sustained drug release, enhance drug delivery efficiency, and reduce systemic toxicity. This review discusses the preparation techniques and drug delivery methods of electrospun nanofibers tailored for various cancers, highlighting their potential in overcoming chemotherapy resistance and improving treatment outcomes. Electrospinning allows for the creation of nanofibers with diverse structures, including core-sheath, bead-on-string, and Janus structures, which can accommodate multiple drugs and facilitate synergistic therapeutic effects. The core-sheath structure enables the simultaneous delivery of different drugs, enhancing treatment efficacy. Additionally, electrospun nanofibers can integrate metal particles and targeted compounds, enabling combined therapies such as chemotherapy, magnetic therapy, and heat therapy. The review also explores various drug release modes, including rapid release, sustained release, biphasic release, targeted release, and drug combination, each offering unique advantages in cancer treatment. Applications of electrospun nanofibers in different cancers, such as breast cancer, skin cancer, cervical cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, brain cancer, and oral cancer, are discussed, highlighting their effectiveness in localized treatment, reducing recurrence, and improving patient outcomes. The integration of electrospun nanofibers with other therapeutic modalities, such as magnetic therapy and phototherapy, further enhances their potential in cancer treatment. Overall, electrospun drug-loaded nanofibers represent a novel and promising approach in cancer therapy, offering targeted drug delivery, reduced toxicity, and improved treatment efficacy.Electrospun drug-loaded nanofibers have emerged as a promising approach in cancer therapy due to their ability to provide controlled and sustained drug release, enhance drug delivery efficiency, and reduce systemic toxicity. This review discusses the preparation techniques and drug delivery methods of electrospun nanofibers tailored for various cancers, highlighting their potential in overcoming chemotherapy resistance and improving treatment outcomes. Electrospinning allows for the creation of nanofibers with diverse structures, including core-sheath, bead-on-string, and Janus structures, which can accommodate multiple drugs and facilitate synergistic therapeutic effects. The core-sheath structure enables the simultaneous delivery of different drugs, enhancing treatment efficacy. Additionally, electrospun nanofibers can integrate metal particles and targeted compounds, enabling combined therapies such as chemotherapy, magnetic therapy, and heat therapy. The review also explores various drug release modes, including rapid release, sustained release, biphasic release, targeted release, and drug combination, each offering unique advantages in cancer treatment. Applications of electrospun nanofibers in different cancers, such as breast cancer, skin cancer, cervical cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, brain cancer, and oral cancer, are discussed, highlighting their effectiveness in localized treatment, reducing recurrence, and improving patient outcomes. The integration of electrospun nanofibers with other therapeutic modalities, such as magnetic therapy and phototherapy, further enhances their potential in cancer treatment. Overall, electrospun drug-loaded nanofibers represent a novel and promising approach in cancer therapy, offering targeted drug delivery, reduced toxicity, and improved treatment efficacy.