This review summarizes recent advances in the applied physics of nanoscale thermal transport from 2003 to 2012. It highlights the importance of interfacial phenomena in nanoscale thermal transport and discusses experimental, theoretical, and computational developments over the past decade. The review emphasizes the role of interfaces in thermal transport, particularly in nanoscale systems where traditional continuum models are insufficient. It covers topics such as phonon transport, interfacial thermal conductance, and the effects of interfacial bonding and structure on thermal transport. The review also discusses the measurement of thermal conductivity at the nanoscale, including techniques like time-domain thermoreflectance and scanning thermal microscopy. It addresses the thermal conductivity of nanoscale materials, including nanolaminates, disordered crystals, and superlattices, and explores the implications of these findings for applications in information technology, high-power electronics, and thermal management. The review also discusses the potential for enhancing interfacial thermal transport through the use of interfacial films and intermixing of materials. It concludes with a discussion of future research directions and the importance of understanding nanoscale thermal transport for the development of advanced technologies.This review summarizes recent advances in the applied physics of nanoscale thermal transport from 2003 to 2012. It highlights the importance of interfacial phenomena in nanoscale thermal transport and discusses experimental, theoretical, and computational developments over the past decade. The review emphasizes the role of interfaces in thermal transport, particularly in nanoscale systems where traditional continuum models are insufficient. It covers topics such as phonon transport, interfacial thermal conductance, and the effects of interfacial bonding and structure on thermal transport. The review also discusses the measurement of thermal conductivity at the nanoscale, including techniques like time-domain thermoreflectance and scanning thermal microscopy. It addresses the thermal conductivity of nanoscale materials, including nanolaminates, disordered crystals, and superlattices, and explores the implications of these findings for applications in information technology, high-power electronics, and thermal management. The review also discusses the potential for enhancing interfacial thermal transport through the use of interfacial films and intermixing of materials. It concludes with a discussion of future research directions and the importance of understanding nanoscale thermal transport for the development of advanced technologies.