Aspergillus flavus is a significant human pathogen, allergen, and mycotoxin producer. It is the second most common cause of invasive aspergillosis after A. fumigatus and the most common cause of superficial infections. A. flavus is more prevalent in certain regions and hospitals compared to A. fumigatus, and it is associated with higher virulence and resistance to antifungal drugs. The fungus produces aflatoxins, potent hepatocarcinogens, and other toxic compounds. Accurate species identification within the A. flavus complex is challenging due to overlapping morphological and biochemical characteristics. Genomic studies are ongoing to better understand the species' biology, pathogenicity, and allergenicity. A. flavus causes a wide range of human diseases, including chronic granulomatous sinusitis, keratitis, cutaneous aspergillosis, wound infections, and osteomyelitis. It is rarely the cause of chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis. Outbreaks of A. flavus infections are often associated with a single or closely related strain, unlike those caused by A. fumigatus. The fungus is highly resistant to antifungal drugs, particularly amphotericin B, and resistance to itraconazole and echinocandins has been reported. Understanding the population genetics and molecular typing of A. flavus is crucial for better management and treatment of infections.Aspergillus flavus is a significant human pathogen, allergen, and mycotoxin producer. It is the second most common cause of invasive aspergillosis after A. fumigatus and the most common cause of superficial infections. A. flavus is more prevalent in certain regions and hospitals compared to A. fumigatus, and it is associated with higher virulence and resistance to antifungal drugs. The fungus produces aflatoxins, potent hepatocarcinogens, and other toxic compounds. Accurate species identification within the A. flavus complex is challenging due to overlapping morphological and biochemical characteristics. Genomic studies are ongoing to better understand the species' biology, pathogenicity, and allergenicity. A. flavus causes a wide range of human diseases, including chronic granulomatous sinusitis, keratitis, cutaneous aspergillosis, wound infections, and osteomyelitis. It is rarely the cause of chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis. Outbreaks of A. flavus infections are often associated with a single or closely related strain, unlike those caused by A. fumigatus. The fungus is highly resistant to antifungal drugs, particularly amphotericin B, and resistance to itraconazole and echinocandins has been reported. Understanding the population genetics and molecular typing of A. flavus is crucial for better management and treatment of infections.