Assessing Social Support: The Social Support Questionnaire

Assessing Social Support: The Social Support Questionnaire

1983 | Irwin G. Sarason, Henry M. Levine, Robert B. Basham, and Barbara R. Sarason
The Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ) is a tool designed to measure perceived social support and satisfaction with available support. Four studies are presented, examining the SSQ's psychometric properties, its correlations with personality and adjustment, and its relationship to life events. The SSQ yields scores for perceived number of social supports and satisfaction with available support. The studies suggest that the SSQ is a reliable instrument, with social support more strongly related to positive than negative life changes, more negatively related to psychological discomfort among women than men, and an asset in enabling persistence in challenging tasks. Research highlights the positive role of social support in psychological adjustment and health. Social support is defined as the availability of people who care for and value us. Bowlby's attachment theory emphasizes the importance of early social support for psychological well-being. Evidence supports the concept of social support, including its role in resilience, mental health, and recovery from illness. Various measures of social support have been developed, but the SSQ is a comprehensive tool that assesses perceived availability and satisfaction with social support. The SSQ consists of 27 items, asking individuals to list people they can rely on and rate their satisfaction with support. It has high internal consistency and reliability. Studies show that social support is positively related to extroversion and optimism, and negatively related to anxiety and depression. Women show stronger negative correlations between social support and psychological discomfort than men. Social support is also linked to a more optimistic outlook and better future expectations. Study 2 found that high social support is associated with greater happiness and fewer introverted tendencies in women. Men showed similar trends but with weaker correlations. Social support is inversely related to psychological discomfort, particularly for women. Study 3 examined the relationship between social support, life events, locus of control, and self-esteem. It found that higher social support is associated with more positive life events and greater self-esteem. Study 4 explored the relationship between social support and persistence in a frustrating task, finding that high social support and internal locus of control are associated with greater persistence and less cognitive interference. The SSQ is a reliable and valid measure of social support, with implications for understanding the role of social support in psychological well-being and adjustment. It highlights the importance of social support in coping with stress and maintaining mental health. Further research is needed to explore the complex relationships between social support, social skills, and stress buffering. The SSQ provides a useful tool for studying social support in various contexts.The Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ) is a tool designed to measure perceived social support and satisfaction with available support. Four studies are presented, examining the SSQ's psychometric properties, its correlations with personality and adjustment, and its relationship to life events. The SSQ yields scores for perceived number of social supports and satisfaction with available support. The studies suggest that the SSQ is a reliable instrument, with social support more strongly related to positive than negative life changes, more negatively related to psychological discomfort among women than men, and an asset in enabling persistence in challenging tasks. Research highlights the positive role of social support in psychological adjustment and health. Social support is defined as the availability of people who care for and value us. Bowlby's attachment theory emphasizes the importance of early social support for psychological well-being. Evidence supports the concept of social support, including its role in resilience, mental health, and recovery from illness. Various measures of social support have been developed, but the SSQ is a comprehensive tool that assesses perceived availability and satisfaction with social support. The SSQ consists of 27 items, asking individuals to list people they can rely on and rate their satisfaction with support. It has high internal consistency and reliability. Studies show that social support is positively related to extroversion and optimism, and negatively related to anxiety and depression. Women show stronger negative correlations between social support and psychological discomfort than men. Social support is also linked to a more optimistic outlook and better future expectations. Study 2 found that high social support is associated with greater happiness and fewer introverted tendencies in women. Men showed similar trends but with weaker correlations. Social support is inversely related to psychological discomfort, particularly for women. Study 3 examined the relationship between social support, life events, locus of control, and self-esteem. It found that higher social support is associated with more positive life events and greater self-esteem. Study 4 explored the relationship between social support and persistence in a frustrating task, finding that high social support and internal locus of control are associated with greater persistence and less cognitive interference. The SSQ is a reliable and valid measure of social support, with implications for understanding the role of social support in psychological well-being and adjustment. It highlights the importance of social support in coping with stress and maintaining mental health. Further research is needed to explore the complex relationships between social support, social skills, and stress buffering. The SSQ provides a useful tool for studying social support in various contexts.
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