Astronomical Adaptive Optics: A Review Adaptive optics (AO) is a technology that integrates optics, mechanics, electronics, computer technology, and automation to correct optical aberrations caused by atmospheric turbulence. Since its proposal in 1953, AO has become essential for high-resolution observations with large aperture ground-based optical telescopes. This review discusses recent advancements in AO technology, including Laser Guide Star (LGS), Deformable Secondary Mirror (DSM), Extreme AO (ExAO), and Multi-Conjugate AO (MCAO). These systems are designed to correct wavefront distortions in large fields of view (FOV) and wide spectral ranges, addressing significant technical challenges. AO systems use wavefront sensors (WFS) such as Shack-Hartmann, Pyramid, and Curvature WFS to measure wavefront distortions. Deformable mirrors (DMs) correct these distortions, with various types including piezoelectric, MEMS, bimorph, and voice-coil motor-driven DMs. LGS technology, which creates artificial bright stars, is crucial for wide FOV imaging. Sodium LGSs, generated at high altitudes, provide high brightness and can correct wavefront distortions across the entire atmosphere. Key AO systems include LGS AO, DSM AO, and ExAO. LGS AO uses artificial stars to correct atmospheric turbulence, while DSM AO integrates the telescope and AO system to improve optical throughput and reduce heat dissipation. ExAO systems provide high-precision wavefront correction for bright guide stars, enabling direct imaging of exoplanets. MCAO and GLAO technologies expand the corrected FOV by using multiple wavefront sensors and DMs to correct atmospheric turbulence at different heights. Recent developments in AO include the use of machine learning and artificial intelligence to enhance wavefront sensing and correction. The review also highlights the application of AO in solar observation, where techniques like MCAO have been used to study solar features such as sunspots and granulations. AO systems are now widely used in large aperture telescopes, including the VLT, Keck, and Gemini telescopes, for high-resolution imaging and exoplanet detection. Future advancements in AO technology are expected to further improve the capabilities of astronomical observations.Astronomical Adaptive Optics: A Review Adaptive optics (AO) is a technology that integrates optics, mechanics, electronics, computer technology, and automation to correct optical aberrations caused by atmospheric turbulence. Since its proposal in 1953, AO has become essential for high-resolution observations with large aperture ground-based optical telescopes. This review discusses recent advancements in AO technology, including Laser Guide Star (LGS), Deformable Secondary Mirror (DSM), Extreme AO (ExAO), and Multi-Conjugate AO (MCAO). These systems are designed to correct wavefront distortions in large fields of view (FOV) and wide spectral ranges, addressing significant technical challenges. AO systems use wavefront sensors (WFS) such as Shack-Hartmann, Pyramid, and Curvature WFS to measure wavefront distortions. Deformable mirrors (DMs) correct these distortions, with various types including piezoelectric, MEMS, bimorph, and voice-coil motor-driven DMs. LGS technology, which creates artificial bright stars, is crucial for wide FOV imaging. Sodium LGSs, generated at high altitudes, provide high brightness and can correct wavefront distortions across the entire atmosphere. Key AO systems include LGS AO, DSM AO, and ExAO. LGS AO uses artificial stars to correct atmospheric turbulence, while DSM AO integrates the telescope and AO system to improve optical throughput and reduce heat dissipation. ExAO systems provide high-precision wavefront correction for bright guide stars, enabling direct imaging of exoplanets. MCAO and GLAO technologies expand the corrected FOV by using multiple wavefront sensors and DMs to correct atmospheric turbulence at different heights. Recent developments in AO include the use of machine learning and artificial intelligence to enhance wavefront sensing and correction. The review also highlights the application of AO in solar observation, where techniques like MCAO have been used to study solar features such as sunspots and granulations. AO systems are now widely used in large aperture telescopes, including the VLT, Keck, and Gemini telescopes, for high-resolution imaging and exoplanet detection. Future advancements in AO technology are expected to further improve the capabilities of astronomical observations.