This article reviews neuroscientific findings on meditation, focusing on two styles: Focused Attention (FA) and Open Monitoring (OM) meditation. Meditation is conceptualized as a family of emotional and attentional regulation practices aimed at cultivating well-being and emotional balance. FA meditation involves sustained attention on a chosen object, while OM meditation involves non-reactive monitoring of experiences. The study explores the potential regulatory functions of these practices on attention and emotion, and their long-term effects on the brain and behavior. FA meditation is associated with neural systems involved in conflict monitoring, selective attention, and sustained attention. Studies show that long-term practitioners exhibit reduced activation in these systems, indicating improved attentional control. FA meditation also enhances the ability to sustain attention on a specific object, as evidenced by increased activation in brain regions involved in attentional processes. OM meditation, on the other hand, involves non-reactive awareness of the present moment and is linked to processes related to interoception and emotional regulation. Research suggests that OM meditation may reduce emotional reactivity and enhance emotional flexibility. It is associated with increased activity in brain regions involved in monitoring and disengaging attention from stimuli. The study also discusses the neurodynamical framework of meditation, emphasizing the role of dynamic global states in meditation. Long-term practitioners show increased gamma synchrony during meditation, indicating a transformation in the brain's default mode. This suggests that meditation may lead to enduring changes in brain function and mental processes. The article highlights the importance of distinguishing between different types of meditation and the need for further research on the effects of meditation on peripheral biological processes and behavior outside the laboratory. It also notes the need for more studies on the impact of meditation on cognitive and emotional skills, as well as the role of context in meditation practices. Overall, the findings suggest that meditation can have significant effects on attention, emotion, and brain function, and that further research is needed to fully understand these effects.This article reviews neuroscientific findings on meditation, focusing on two styles: Focused Attention (FA) and Open Monitoring (OM) meditation. Meditation is conceptualized as a family of emotional and attentional regulation practices aimed at cultivating well-being and emotional balance. FA meditation involves sustained attention on a chosen object, while OM meditation involves non-reactive monitoring of experiences. The study explores the potential regulatory functions of these practices on attention and emotion, and their long-term effects on the brain and behavior. FA meditation is associated with neural systems involved in conflict monitoring, selective attention, and sustained attention. Studies show that long-term practitioners exhibit reduced activation in these systems, indicating improved attentional control. FA meditation also enhances the ability to sustain attention on a specific object, as evidenced by increased activation in brain regions involved in attentional processes. OM meditation, on the other hand, involves non-reactive awareness of the present moment and is linked to processes related to interoception and emotional regulation. Research suggests that OM meditation may reduce emotional reactivity and enhance emotional flexibility. It is associated with increased activity in brain regions involved in monitoring and disengaging attention from stimuli. The study also discusses the neurodynamical framework of meditation, emphasizing the role of dynamic global states in meditation. Long-term practitioners show increased gamma synchrony during meditation, indicating a transformation in the brain's default mode. This suggests that meditation may lead to enduring changes in brain function and mental processes. The article highlights the importance of distinguishing between different types of meditation and the need for further research on the effects of meditation on peripheral biological processes and behavior outside the laboratory. It also notes the need for more studies on the impact of meditation on cognitive and emotional skills, as well as the role of context in meditation practices. Overall, the findings suggest that meditation can have significant effects on attention, emotion, and brain function, and that further research is needed to fully understand these effects.