This article explores the neuroscientific research on meditation, focusing on two styles: Focused Attention (FA) and Open Monitoring (OM) meditation. FA meditation involves voluntarily focusing attention on a chosen object, while OM meditation involves non-reactively monitoring the content of experience moment by moment. The review discusses the mental processes and neural circuitry involved in these practices and their potential regulatory functions on attention and emotion. Recent studies have shown that FA meditation can improve sustained and selective attention, with long-term practitioners showing reduced activation in neural systems involved in attention regulation. OM meditation, on the other hand, may engage processes related to interoception and emotion regulation, potentially leading to reduced emotional reactivity and improved emotional flexibility. The article also discusses the neurodynamical framework, suggesting that meditation states may be understood as dynamic global states that influence brain processing. Future research directions include examining the impact of meditation on peripheral biological processes, the context in which meditation is practiced, and its effects on behavior outside the laboratory.This article explores the neuroscientific research on meditation, focusing on two styles: Focused Attention (FA) and Open Monitoring (OM) meditation. FA meditation involves voluntarily focusing attention on a chosen object, while OM meditation involves non-reactively monitoring the content of experience moment by moment. The review discusses the mental processes and neural circuitry involved in these practices and their potential regulatory functions on attention and emotion. Recent studies have shown that FA meditation can improve sustained and selective attention, with long-term practitioners showing reduced activation in neural systems involved in attention regulation. OM meditation, on the other hand, may engage processes related to interoception and emotion regulation, potentially leading to reduced emotional reactivity and improved emotional flexibility. The article also discusses the neurodynamical framework, suggesting that meditation states may be understood as dynamic global states that influence brain processing. Future research directions include examining the impact of meditation on peripheral biological processes, the context in which meditation is practiced, and its effects on behavior outside the laboratory.