This article presents a comprehensive material flow analysis of Australia's economy in 2019, examining domestic extraction, trade, end-of-life flows, and recycling for all materials. The results show Australia's role as a natural resource supplier, with metals and fossil fuels being primary contributors. In 2019, Australia extracted 2587 Mt of natural resources, exported 1459 Mt, and used 917 Mt to meet domestic needs. The recycling rate was 51.1%, and the overall circularity rate was 5.1%. The analysis also highlights mobility and housing as the dominant material-using sectors. These results indicate significant reliance on foreign semifinished and finished products and provide insights into enhancing economic circularity. Australia first mentioned the circular economy in the 2018 revised National Waste Policy. The Australian government has since tasked CSIRO to develop a roadmap to transition the linear economy to a circular one. CSIRO's work focused on four materials: tires, plastics, glass, and paper. The report argues that the circular economy's full potential can only be achieved through a set of strategies, including product design, standardization, collection and sorting, recycling, and remanufacturing. Australia's challenges in transitioning its economy, characterized by large primary resource exporting sectors and wealthy urban consumers, are significant but can serve as a global blueprint if successful. Alongside government efforts, the nonprofit organization Planet Ark Environmental Foundation has launched the "Australian Circular Economy Hub" to foster an economic model resembling natural ecosystems. Australia is not alone in its pursuit of a circular economy. Europe, Japan, and South Korea are also designing policies to facilitate circular economy initiatives. China is promoting the adoption of circular economy practices as part of its pledge to reach carbon neutrality by 2060. Scholars have developed indicators to monitor circularity performance, which can be tailored to specific entities. A circularity indicator measures the rate of secondary materials against all materials used within an economy. The Circularity Gap Report Initiative estimated the 2023 global circularity to be 7.2%, a drop from 9.1% in 2018. The study uses a multi-regional input-output table for Australia in the global framework GLORIA and attributes material footprints to provision systems, establishing the importance of these large socio-technical systems and their contribution to overall environmental pressures. The study contributes to a better understanding of conceptualizing and measuring circularity at the national economy and sectoral (provision system level) by employing material flow analysis and environmentally extended input-output analysis. The study finds that Australia's circularity rate is 5.1%, with nonmetallic minerals having the highest proportion of secondary materials (6.2%). The circularity gap is 88.7%, highlighting substantial opportunities for improvement. The study also identifies the need for more detailed data and life cycle assessments to better understand the environmental implications of recyclingThis article presents a comprehensive material flow analysis of Australia's economy in 2019, examining domestic extraction, trade, end-of-life flows, and recycling for all materials. The results show Australia's role as a natural resource supplier, with metals and fossil fuels being primary contributors. In 2019, Australia extracted 2587 Mt of natural resources, exported 1459 Mt, and used 917 Mt to meet domestic needs. The recycling rate was 51.1%, and the overall circularity rate was 5.1%. The analysis also highlights mobility and housing as the dominant material-using sectors. These results indicate significant reliance on foreign semifinished and finished products and provide insights into enhancing economic circularity. Australia first mentioned the circular economy in the 2018 revised National Waste Policy. The Australian government has since tasked CSIRO to develop a roadmap to transition the linear economy to a circular one. CSIRO's work focused on four materials: tires, plastics, glass, and paper. The report argues that the circular economy's full potential can only be achieved through a set of strategies, including product design, standardization, collection and sorting, recycling, and remanufacturing. Australia's challenges in transitioning its economy, characterized by large primary resource exporting sectors and wealthy urban consumers, are significant but can serve as a global blueprint if successful. Alongside government efforts, the nonprofit organization Planet Ark Environmental Foundation has launched the "Australian Circular Economy Hub" to foster an economic model resembling natural ecosystems. Australia is not alone in its pursuit of a circular economy. Europe, Japan, and South Korea are also designing policies to facilitate circular economy initiatives. China is promoting the adoption of circular economy practices as part of its pledge to reach carbon neutrality by 2060. Scholars have developed indicators to monitor circularity performance, which can be tailored to specific entities. A circularity indicator measures the rate of secondary materials against all materials used within an economy. The Circularity Gap Report Initiative estimated the 2023 global circularity to be 7.2%, a drop from 9.1% in 2018. The study uses a multi-regional input-output table for Australia in the global framework GLORIA and attributes material footprints to provision systems, establishing the importance of these large socio-technical systems and their contribution to overall environmental pressures. The study contributes to a better understanding of conceptualizing and measuring circularity at the national economy and sectoral (provision system level) by employing material flow analysis and environmentally extended input-output analysis. The study finds that Australia's circularity rate is 5.1%, with nonmetallic minerals having the highest proportion of secondary materials (6.2%). The circularity gap is 88.7%, highlighting substantial opportunities for improvement. The study also identifies the need for more detailed data and life cycle assessments to better understand the environmental implications of recycling