Autophagy is a dynamic process in eukaryotic cells that involves the sequestration of cytoplasm and organelles for degradation and recycling. This process, known as macroautophagy, is highly regulated and occurs through a series of steps including induction, formation of the autophagosome, docking and fusion with the lysosome or vacuole, and breakdown of the autophagic body. The core machinery for macroautophagy includes a ubiquitin-like protein conjugation system and a protein complex that directs membrane docking and fusion. Macroautophagy plays crucial roles in developmental processes, nutrient deprivation responses, and the turnover of specific organelles. It is also linked to various diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders and heart disease. The regulation of macroautophagy involves kinases, phosphatases, and GTPases, which control the conditions under which the process operates. Recent studies have identified key molecular components and pathways involved in macroautophagy, providing insights into its mechanisms and potential therapeutic applications.Autophagy is a dynamic process in eukaryotic cells that involves the sequestration of cytoplasm and organelles for degradation and recycling. This process, known as macroautophagy, is highly regulated and occurs through a series of steps including induction, formation of the autophagosome, docking and fusion with the lysosome or vacuole, and breakdown of the autophagic body. The core machinery for macroautophagy includes a ubiquitin-like protein conjugation system and a protein complex that directs membrane docking and fusion. Macroautophagy plays crucial roles in developmental processes, nutrient deprivation responses, and the turnover of specific organelles. It is also linked to various diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders and heart disease. The regulation of macroautophagy involves kinases, phosphatases, and GTPases, which control the conditions under which the process operates. Recent studies have identified key molecular components and pathways involved in macroautophagy, providing insights into its mechanisms and potential therapeutic applications.