The article discusses the evolution of the vertebrate brain, focusing on avian brains and the need for a revised terminology to better reflect current understanding. The traditional view, based on Edinger's work, classified avian brains as largely composed of basal ganglia, with the neocortex responsible for complex behaviors in mammals. However, new evidence shows that avian brains have a pallium with functions similar to the mammalian cortex, supporting advanced cognitive abilities. This has led to the development of a new nomenclature by the Avian Brain Nomenclature Consortium, which replaces outdated terms with more accurate ones reflecting avian and mammalian homologies. The new terminology identifies three main domains in the avian telencephalon: pallial, striatal, and pallidal. The striatal domain includes structures like the avian dorsal striatum and pallidum, while the pallial domain is divided into four subdivisions. The article also highlights the cognitive abilities of birds, showing that they possess complex behaviors and neural mechanisms similar to those in mammals. The revised terminology and understanding of avian brain evolution have important implications for neuroscience, emphasizing the need to move beyond outdated classifications and recognize the complexity of avian cognition.The article discusses the evolution of the vertebrate brain, focusing on avian brains and the need for a revised terminology to better reflect current understanding. The traditional view, based on Edinger's work, classified avian brains as largely composed of basal ganglia, with the neocortex responsible for complex behaviors in mammals. However, new evidence shows that avian brains have a pallium with functions similar to the mammalian cortex, supporting advanced cognitive abilities. This has led to the development of a new nomenclature by the Avian Brain Nomenclature Consortium, which replaces outdated terms with more accurate ones reflecting avian and mammalian homologies. The new terminology identifies three main domains in the avian telencephalon: pallial, striatal, and pallidal. The striatal domain includes structures like the avian dorsal striatum and pallidum, while the pallial domain is divided into four subdivisions. The article also highlights the cognitive abilities of birds, showing that they possess complex behaviors and neural mechanisms similar to those in mammals. The revised terminology and understanding of avian brain evolution have important implications for neuroscience, emphasizing the need to move beyond outdated classifications and recognize the complexity of avian cognition.