The article "Bacterial Infections in Intensive Care Units: Epidemiological and Microbiological Aspects" by Maddalena Calvo, Stefania Stefani, and Giuseppe Migliorisi discusses the challenges and strategies in managing infections in intensive care units (ICUs). The authors highlight the critical role of clinical microbiology in defining diagnostic algorithms and antimicrobial stewardship programs. They emphasize the importance of integrating local epidemiological knowledge with best practices to improve patient care. The article also covers the surveillance and diagnostic aspects, including the use of biomarkers, active and passive surveillance programs, and the identification of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens such as *Klebsiella pneumoniae*, *Acinetobacter baumannii*, *Pseudomonas aeruginosa*, *Escherichia coli*, *Staphylococcus aureus*, and *Enterococcus* species. The authors discuss the virulence and resistance mechanisms of these pathogens, the impact of mechanical ventilation on their spread, and the need for rapid diagnostic methods and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to enhance infection control. Additionally, they emphasize the importance of antimicrobial stewardship programs in reducing antimicrobial resistance and optimizing treatment outcomes. The article concludes by highlighting the need for continuous communication between clinicians and laboratory personnel to ensure timely and effective management of ICU patients.The article "Bacterial Infections in Intensive Care Units: Epidemiological and Microbiological Aspects" by Maddalena Calvo, Stefania Stefani, and Giuseppe Migliorisi discusses the challenges and strategies in managing infections in intensive care units (ICUs). The authors highlight the critical role of clinical microbiology in defining diagnostic algorithms and antimicrobial stewardship programs. They emphasize the importance of integrating local epidemiological knowledge with best practices to improve patient care. The article also covers the surveillance and diagnostic aspects, including the use of biomarkers, active and passive surveillance programs, and the identification of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens such as *Klebsiella pneumoniae*, *Acinetobacter baumannii*, *Pseudomonas aeruginosa*, *Escherichia coli*, *Staphylococcus aureus*, and *Enterococcus* species. The authors discuss the virulence and resistance mechanisms of these pathogens, the impact of mechanical ventilation on their spread, and the need for rapid diagnostic methods and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to enhance infection control. Additionally, they emphasize the importance of antimicrobial stewardship programs in reducing antimicrobial resistance and optimizing treatment outcomes. The article concludes by highlighting the need for continuous communication between clinicians and laboratory personnel to ensure timely and effective management of ICU patients.