This review focuses on bacterioruberin (BR), a rare C50 carotenoid synthesized by halophilic archaea, and its derivatives. Halophilic archaea, which thrive in hypersaline environments, have developed molecular adaptations to survive under harsh conditions, including hyperpigmentation. BR and its derivatives exhibit remarkable antioxidant properties due to their ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitigate oxidative stress. They also show immunomodulatory effects, potentially modulating immune responses and inflammation. Additionally, BR has shown antitumor properties, reducing the viability and proliferation of various cancer cell lines. The review highlights the potential of BR and its derivatives as natural biomolecules for therapeutic applications, including cancer treatment, immunomodulation, and skin health preservation. The unique chemical structure and biological activities of BR make it a promising candidate for developing new strategies and pharmaceutical formulas. However, further research is needed to fully understand its mechanisms of action and optimize its use in clinical settings.This review focuses on bacterioruberin (BR), a rare C50 carotenoid synthesized by halophilic archaea, and its derivatives. Halophilic archaea, which thrive in hypersaline environments, have developed molecular adaptations to survive under harsh conditions, including hyperpigmentation. BR and its derivatives exhibit remarkable antioxidant properties due to their ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitigate oxidative stress. They also show immunomodulatory effects, potentially modulating immune responses and inflammation. Additionally, BR has shown antitumor properties, reducing the viability and proliferation of various cancer cell lines. The review highlights the potential of BR and its derivatives as natural biomolecules for therapeutic applications, including cancer treatment, immunomodulation, and skin health preservation. The unique chemical structure and biological activities of BR make it a promising candidate for developing new strategies and pharmaceutical formulas. However, further research is needed to fully understand its mechanisms of action and optimize its use in clinical settings.