Social media significantly influences vaccination behavior by spreading vaccine misinformation, which can reduce vaccine uptake and threaten public health. Effective vaccination campaigns are crucial, but counter campaigns, especially those fueled by social media, have disrupted vaccine acceptance. The 2019 measles outbreak was linked to anti-vaccine campaigns, some of which originated offline but were amplified online. During the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccine hesitancy was strongly associated with misinformation on social media, leading to increased illness and death. Studies show that exposure to misinformation about vaccines can lower vaccination intent, even among those who initially planned to get vaccinated. Various behavioral interventions have been tested to reduce vaccine hesitancy, including debunking misinformation, pre-bunking, and using accurate prompts to encourage truthfulness. However, evidence on their effectiveness is limited, and most studies have not measured actual vaccination rates. Interventions that have shown promise include targeted messaging through social media and involving trusted leaders. Despite these efforts, challenges remain, including the backfire effect, where correcting misinformation can reinforce false beliefs. Trust in sources is critical, with medical professionals being the most trusted. Social media platforms have a significant role in spreading misinformation, and collaboration between platforms and public health agencies is essential. Research highlights the need for robust, real-world evidence to guide interventions, emphasizing the importance of measuring both attitudes and actual vaccination behaviors. Future efforts should focus on culturally relevant messaging, improving health literacy, and ensuring that interventions are tailored to specific populations. Overall, addressing vaccine hesitancy on social media requires a multifaceted approach, including better communication strategies, increased trust in reliable sources, and the development of effective, evidence-based interventions.Social media significantly influences vaccination behavior by spreading vaccine misinformation, which can reduce vaccine uptake and threaten public health. Effective vaccination campaigns are crucial, but counter campaigns, especially those fueled by social media, have disrupted vaccine acceptance. The 2019 measles outbreak was linked to anti-vaccine campaigns, some of which originated offline but were amplified online. During the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccine hesitancy was strongly associated with misinformation on social media, leading to increased illness and death. Studies show that exposure to misinformation about vaccines can lower vaccination intent, even among those who initially planned to get vaccinated. Various behavioral interventions have been tested to reduce vaccine hesitancy, including debunking misinformation, pre-bunking, and using accurate prompts to encourage truthfulness. However, evidence on their effectiveness is limited, and most studies have not measured actual vaccination rates. Interventions that have shown promise include targeted messaging through social media and involving trusted leaders. Despite these efforts, challenges remain, including the backfire effect, where correcting misinformation can reinforce false beliefs. Trust in sources is critical, with medical professionals being the most trusted. Social media platforms have a significant role in spreading misinformation, and collaboration between platforms and public health agencies is essential. Research highlights the need for robust, real-world evidence to guide interventions, emphasizing the importance of measuring both attitudes and actual vaccination behaviors. Future efforts should focus on culturally relevant messaging, improving health literacy, and ensuring that interventions are tailored to specific populations. Overall, addressing vaccine hesitancy on social media requires a multifaceted approach, including better communication strategies, increased trust in reliable sources, and the development of effective, evidence-based interventions.