A layered hollow core-shell structure of Bi₂O₃/g-C₃N₄ Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst has been designed and applied for photocatalytic uranium extraction under both aerobic and oxygen-free conditions, achieving extraction efficiencies of 98.4% and 99.0%, respectively. The photocatalyst maintains high efficiency under various conditions, including pH, inorganic ions, and other factors. The exceptional uranium extraction capability is attributed to the hollow core-shell architecture, which provides abundant active sites, and the Z-scheme heterojunction, which enhances charge transfer and prolongs the lifetime of photogenerated charges. The photocatalyst exhibits current densities 5.26 and 3.85 times higher than Bi₂O₃ and g-C₃N₄, respectively. The reaction mechanisms under aerobic and oxygen-free conditions were investigated, revealing that H₂O₂ is the key factor for different final products. The study provides insights into the fundamental mechanisms of photocatalytic uranium extraction under various environmental conditions and highlights the potential of photocatalytic methods for uranium extraction. The Bi₂O₃/g-C₃N₄ heterojunction was synthesized through a multi-step process, involving the preparation of g-C₃N₄ hollow nanospheres and Bi₂O₃ nanosheets, followed by their combination to form the heterojunction. The resulting material exhibits a unique hollow core-shell structure, which enhances specific surface area and active site availability, while facilitating fast charge transfer at heterogeneous interfaces. The synthesis process involved multiple steps, including the preparation of precursors, reaction under controlled conditions, and subsequent purification and drying. The resulting heterojunctions were denoted as Bi₂O₃/g-C₃N₄ HFs-1, HFs-2, and HFs-3 for different Bi₂O₃ loading amounts. The morphology, crystal structure, and composition of the composites were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and other techniques. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the Bi₂O₃/g-C₃N₄ heterojunction in photocatalytic uranium extraction under various conditions.A layered hollow core-shell structure of Bi₂O₃/g-C₃N₄ Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst has been designed and applied for photocatalytic uranium extraction under both aerobic and oxygen-free conditions, achieving extraction efficiencies of 98.4% and 99.0%, respectively. The photocatalyst maintains high efficiency under various conditions, including pH, inorganic ions, and other factors. The exceptional uranium extraction capability is attributed to the hollow core-shell architecture, which provides abundant active sites, and the Z-scheme heterojunction, which enhances charge transfer and prolongs the lifetime of photogenerated charges. The photocatalyst exhibits current densities 5.26 and 3.85 times higher than Bi₂O₃ and g-C₃N₄, respectively. The reaction mechanisms under aerobic and oxygen-free conditions were investigated, revealing that H₂O₂ is the key factor for different final products. The study provides insights into the fundamental mechanisms of photocatalytic uranium extraction under various environmental conditions and highlights the potential of photocatalytic methods for uranium extraction. The Bi₂O₃/g-C₃N₄ heterojunction was synthesized through a multi-step process, involving the preparation of g-C₃N₄ hollow nanospheres and Bi₂O₃ nanosheets, followed by their combination to form the heterojunction. The resulting material exhibits a unique hollow core-shell structure, which enhances specific surface area and active site availability, while facilitating fast charge transfer at heterogeneous interfaces. The synthesis process involved multiple steps, including the preparation of precursors, reaction under controlled conditions, and subsequent purification and drying. The resulting heterojunctions were denoted as Bi₂O₃/g-C₃N₄ HFs-1, HFs-2, and HFs-3 for different Bi₂O₃ loading amounts. The morphology, crystal structure, and composition of the composites were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and other techniques. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the Bi₂O₃/g-C₃N₄ heterojunction in photocatalytic uranium extraction under various conditions.