Bioaerosol exposure in the occupational environment is linked to a wide range of health effects, including infectious diseases, acute toxic effects, allergies, and cancer. Respiratory symptoms and lung function impairment are the most studied and significant bioaerosol-related health effects. While some microbial exposures may have protective effects against atopy, the dose-response relationships for most biological agents are not well established, and threshold values are limited. Exposure limits exist for some contaminants, such as wood dust, subtilisins, and flour dust, but bacterial endotoxin limits have been proposed. Risk assessment is hindered by the lack of valid quantitative exposure assessment methods. Traditional culture methods are limited, while non-culture methods for microbial constituents like allergens, endotoxin, and β(1→3)-glucans show more promise but require further validation. Research is needed to develop better exposure assessment tools and validate new methods. Other important areas include the potential protective effects of microbial exposure on atopy, individual susceptibility, interactions with non-biological agents, and other health effects such as skin and neurological conditions. Exposure assessment methods for bioaerosols are challenging due to the variability in microbial components and the need for standardized protocols. While some exposure limits exist for specific agents like endotoxin and subtilisins, further research is needed to establish more comprehensive standards. Overall, the need for improved exposure assessment methods and validation of new techniques is critical for effective risk assessment and regulation of bioaerosol exposure.Bioaerosol exposure in the occupational environment is linked to a wide range of health effects, including infectious diseases, acute toxic effects, allergies, and cancer. Respiratory symptoms and lung function impairment are the most studied and significant bioaerosol-related health effects. While some microbial exposures may have protective effects against atopy, the dose-response relationships for most biological agents are not well established, and threshold values are limited. Exposure limits exist for some contaminants, such as wood dust, subtilisins, and flour dust, but bacterial endotoxin limits have been proposed. Risk assessment is hindered by the lack of valid quantitative exposure assessment methods. Traditional culture methods are limited, while non-culture methods for microbial constituents like allergens, endotoxin, and β(1→3)-glucans show more promise but require further validation. Research is needed to develop better exposure assessment tools and validate new methods. Other important areas include the potential protective effects of microbial exposure on atopy, individual susceptibility, interactions with non-biological agents, and other health effects such as skin and neurological conditions. Exposure assessment methods for bioaerosols are challenging due to the variability in microbial components and the need for standardized protocols. While some exposure limits exist for specific agents like endotoxin and subtilisins, further research is needed to establish more comprehensive standards. Overall, the need for improved exposure assessment methods and validation of new techniques is critical for effective risk assessment and regulation of bioaerosol exposure.