Biochar is a carbon-rich material produced through the pyrolysis of biomass, and it has various applications, including pollution remediation, soil fertility improvement, and carbon sequestration. Its physicochemical properties, such as specific surface area, pore volume, CEC, volatile matter, and ash content, are significantly influenced by pyrolysis temperature and feedstock type. Higher pyrolysis temperatures generally result in biochars with higher surface areas, porosity, pH, and ash and carbon content, but lower CEC and volatile matter. Biochars from animal litter and solid waste have lower surface areas, carbon content, and volatile matter compared to those from crop residues and wood biomass, even at higher temperatures. The differences are attributed to variations in lignin and cellulose content and moisture levels in the feedstock. The pyrolysis temperature affects the structure and physicochemical properties of biochar. Higher temperatures lead to increased surface area, carbonized fractions, pH, and volatile matter, while decreasing CEC and surface functional groups. The specific surface area of biochar increases with temperature due to the formation of micropores and the exposure of aromatic lignin cores. Surface functional groups and CEC are also influenced by temperature, with higher temperatures leading to fewer H- and O-containing functional groups and lower CEC. Volatile matter content decreases with increasing temperature, and higher temperatures result in more condensed carbon structures and higher ash content. The carbon and ash content of biochar increase with pyrolysis temperature, with higher temperatures leading to more condensed carbon structures and higher ash content. The pH of biochars is positively correlated with the formation of carbonates and inorganic alkalis, with higher temperatures leading to higher pH values. The feedstock type also significantly affects biochar properties, with different feedstocks leading to variations in volatile matter, carbon content, and ash content. Biochars from woody biomass generally have higher carbon content and lower ash content compared to those from non-woody biomass. Biochar application to soil can improve soil quality by increasing carbon sequestration, reducing ammonia and carbon dioxide emissions, lowering soil compactness, optimizing compost, improving water retention, and increasing the availability of micronutrients. Biochar also stimulates the growth of rhizosphere microorganisms and mycorrhizal fungi. The physicochemical properties of biochar, such as specific surface area, pore volume, and CEC, influence its effectiveness as a soil amendment. Biochar with higher specific surface area and CEC is more effective in improving soil fertility and nutrient retention. The application of biochar can also increase the specific surface area of soil, which enhances water sorption and nutrient availability. Overall, the physicochemical properties of biochar are crucial for its application in soil improvement and environmental management.Biochar is a carbon-rich material produced through the pyrolysis of biomass, and it has various applications, including pollution remediation, soil fertility improvement, and carbon sequestration. Its physicochemical properties, such as specific surface area, pore volume, CEC, volatile matter, and ash content, are significantly influenced by pyrolysis temperature and feedstock type. Higher pyrolysis temperatures generally result in biochars with higher surface areas, porosity, pH, and ash and carbon content, but lower CEC and volatile matter. Biochars from animal litter and solid waste have lower surface areas, carbon content, and volatile matter compared to those from crop residues and wood biomass, even at higher temperatures. The differences are attributed to variations in lignin and cellulose content and moisture levels in the feedstock. The pyrolysis temperature affects the structure and physicochemical properties of biochar. Higher temperatures lead to increased surface area, carbonized fractions, pH, and volatile matter, while decreasing CEC and surface functional groups. The specific surface area of biochar increases with temperature due to the formation of micropores and the exposure of aromatic lignin cores. Surface functional groups and CEC are also influenced by temperature, with higher temperatures leading to fewer H- and O-containing functional groups and lower CEC. Volatile matter content decreases with increasing temperature, and higher temperatures result in more condensed carbon structures and higher ash content. The carbon and ash content of biochar increase with pyrolysis temperature, with higher temperatures leading to more condensed carbon structures and higher ash content. The pH of biochars is positively correlated with the formation of carbonates and inorganic alkalis, with higher temperatures leading to higher pH values. The feedstock type also significantly affects biochar properties, with different feedstocks leading to variations in volatile matter, carbon content, and ash content. Biochars from woody biomass generally have higher carbon content and lower ash content compared to those from non-woody biomass. Biochar application to soil can improve soil quality by increasing carbon sequestration, reducing ammonia and carbon dioxide emissions, lowering soil compactness, optimizing compost, improving water retention, and increasing the availability of micronutrients. Biochar also stimulates the growth of rhizosphere microorganisms and mycorrhizal fungi. The physicochemical properties of biochar, such as specific surface area, pore volume, and CEC, influence its effectiveness as a soil amendment. Biochar with higher specific surface area and CEC is more effective in improving soil fertility and nutrient retention. The application of biochar can also increase the specific surface area of soil, which enhances water sorption and nutrient availability. Overall, the physicochemical properties of biochar are crucial for its application in soil improvement and environmental management.