Biofilm formation in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) is a critical issue affecting water quality and public health. Biofilms are complex communities of microorganisms attached to surfaces, often containing a mix of bacteria, fungi, and other microbes. These biofilms can lead to waterborne diseases, such as typhus and cholera, and contribute to corrosion and pipe degradation. The study highlights the role of biofilm in the spread of pathogens and the challenges in controlling its formation. The formation of biofilms is influenced by various factors, including the material of the pipes, the disinfection method used, and the presence of nutrients. Materials like PVC and HDPE are more effective in controlling biofilm formation compared to metals like stainless steel. Chlorine is a common disinfectant used in DWDS, but the emergence of chlorine-resistant bacteria (CRB) poses a significant challenge. These bacteria can survive and even multiply in the presence of chlorine, increasing the risk of waterborne diseases. The study also discusses the importance of monitoring and controlling biofilm in DWDS. Techniques such as biofilm sampling, molecular methods, and advanced imaging technologies are used to analyze biofilm composition and behavior. The research emphasizes the need for innovative strategies to prevent biofilm formation, including the development of biofilm-resistant materials and improved disinfection methods. Chlorine resistance in bacteria is a growing concern, as it can lead to the persistence of harmful microorganisms in water systems. The study identifies several CRB species, including Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, and Staphylococcus, which are commonly found in DWDS. These bacteria can cause issues such as pipeline corrosion, increased biofilm formation, and the spread of pathogens. In conclusion, biofilm formation in DWDS is a complex issue that requires ongoing research and innovative solutions. Effective management of biofilms is essential to ensure the safety and quality of drinking water. The study underscores the importance of understanding the factors that influence biofilm formation and the development of strategies to control and prevent its growth.Biofilm formation in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) is a critical issue affecting water quality and public health. Biofilms are complex communities of microorganisms attached to surfaces, often containing a mix of bacteria, fungi, and other microbes. These biofilms can lead to waterborne diseases, such as typhus and cholera, and contribute to corrosion and pipe degradation. The study highlights the role of biofilm in the spread of pathogens and the challenges in controlling its formation. The formation of biofilms is influenced by various factors, including the material of the pipes, the disinfection method used, and the presence of nutrients. Materials like PVC and HDPE are more effective in controlling biofilm formation compared to metals like stainless steel. Chlorine is a common disinfectant used in DWDS, but the emergence of chlorine-resistant bacteria (CRB) poses a significant challenge. These bacteria can survive and even multiply in the presence of chlorine, increasing the risk of waterborne diseases. The study also discusses the importance of monitoring and controlling biofilm in DWDS. Techniques such as biofilm sampling, molecular methods, and advanced imaging technologies are used to analyze biofilm composition and behavior. The research emphasizes the need for innovative strategies to prevent biofilm formation, including the development of biofilm-resistant materials and improved disinfection methods. Chlorine resistance in bacteria is a growing concern, as it can lead to the persistence of harmful microorganisms in water systems. The study identifies several CRB species, including Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, and Staphylococcus, which are commonly found in DWDS. These bacteria can cause issues such as pipeline corrosion, increased biofilm formation, and the spread of pathogens. In conclusion, biofilm formation in DWDS is a complex issue that requires ongoing research and innovative solutions. Effective management of biofilms is essential to ensure the safety and quality of drinking water. The study underscores the importance of understanding the factors that influence biofilm formation and the development of strategies to control and prevent its growth.