Biofilm Producing Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Infections in Humans: Clinical Implications and Management

Biofilm Producing Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Infections in Humans: Clinical Implications and Management

15 January 2024 | Ashlesha Kaushik, Helen Kest, Mangla Sood, Bryan W. Steussy, Corey Thieman and Sandeep Gupta
Biofilm-producing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a significant pathogen causing a wide range of infections, from superficial skin issues to severe conditions like osteoarticular infections and endocarditis. MRSA's ability to form biofilms enhances its resistance to antimicrobial treatments and immune responses. Biofilm formation involves stages of attachment, expansion, maturation, and dispersion, with key genes like icaADBC, fnbA, and clfA playing critical roles. Effective management of MRSA biofilm infections requires appropriate antimicrobial therapy, surgical interventions, foreign body removal, and robust infection control practices. Current treatment guidelines recommend prolonged antibiotic use, device removal, and surgical debridement. Newer therapies, including antibiotic lock therapy, ethanol locks, and antiseptic-coated implants, are being explored to prevent biofilm formation. Additionally, emerging approaches such as bacteriophages, antimicrobial peptides, enzymes, phytochemicals, and nanotechnology show promise in combating biofilms. These strategies aim to disrupt biofilm structures, enhance antibiotic penetration, and reduce resistance. The review highlights the importance of understanding biofilm pathogenesis, clinical implications, and management strategies to improve outcomes in MRSA infections.Biofilm-producing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a significant pathogen causing a wide range of infections, from superficial skin issues to severe conditions like osteoarticular infections and endocarditis. MRSA's ability to form biofilms enhances its resistance to antimicrobial treatments and immune responses. Biofilm formation involves stages of attachment, expansion, maturation, and dispersion, with key genes like icaADBC, fnbA, and clfA playing critical roles. Effective management of MRSA biofilm infections requires appropriate antimicrobial therapy, surgical interventions, foreign body removal, and robust infection control practices. Current treatment guidelines recommend prolonged antibiotic use, device removal, and surgical debridement. Newer therapies, including antibiotic lock therapy, ethanol locks, and antiseptic-coated implants, are being explored to prevent biofilm formation. Additionally, emerging approaches such as bacteriophages, antimicrobial peptides, enzymes, phytochemicals, and nanotechnology show promise in combating biofilms. These strategies aim to disrupt biofilm structures, enhance antibiotic penetration, and reduce resistance. The review highlights the importance of understanding biofilm pathogenesis, clinical implications, and management strategies to improve outcomes in MRSA infections.
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[slides and audio] Biofilm Producing Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Infections in Humans%3A Clinical Implications and Management