The article reviews the biogenesis of various types of extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, microvesicles, retrovirus-like particles (RLPs), and apoptotic bodies. It highlights the clinical relevance of these EVs in neuro-oncology and discusses the challenges and potential applications in biomarker development and therapeutic strategies. The biogenesis of exosomes involves the endosomal network, where proteins and lipids are sorted and targeted for recycling, degradation, or exocytosis. Microvesicles are formed through outward budding and fission of the plasma membrane, influenced by phospholipid redistribution and cytoskeletal protein contraction. RLPs are non-infectious retroviral-like particles that bud directly from the plasma membrane, involving interactions with retroviral proteins and cytoskeletal proteins. Apoptotic bodies are formed during programmed cell death, characterized by membrane blebbing and the release of cellular content into vesicles. The article also discusses the potential surface markers for identifying these EVs and their clinical applications, such as biomarker detection and targeted drug delivery. Despite the promise of EVs as biomarkers, challenges remain in isolating and characterizing tumor-specific EVs from complex biofluid samples.The article reviews the biogenesis of various types of extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, microvesicles, retrovirus-like particles (RLPs), and apoptotic bodies. It highlights the clinical relevance of these EVs in neuro-oncology and discusses the challenges and potential applications in biomarker development and therapeutic strategies. The biogenesis of exosomes involves the endosomal network, where proteins and lipids are sorted and targeted for recycling, degradation, or exocytosis. Microvesicles are formed through outward budding and fission of the plasma membrane, influenced by phospholipid redistribution and cytoskeletal protein contraction. RLPs are non-infectious retroviral-like particles that bud directly from the plasma membrane, involving interactions with retroviral proteins and cytoskeletal proteins. Apoptotic bodies are formed during programmed cell death, characterized by membrane blebbing and the release of cellular content into vesicles. The article also discusses the potential surface markers for identifying these EVs and their clinical applications, such as biomarker detection and targeted drug delivery. Despite the promise of EVs as biomarkers, challenges remain in isolating and characterizing tumor-specific EVs from complex biofluid samples.