This review provides a systematic nomenclature for "Graphene-Family Nanomaterials" (GFNs) and discusses their biological interactions. GFNs include monolayer graphene, few-layer graphene (FLG), ultrathin graphite, graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and graphene nanosheets (GNS). These materials have unique properties that influence their interactions with biological systems, including nucleic acids, lipid bilayers, and small molecule drugs. GFNs can be inhaled, leading to deposition in the respiratory tract and potential lung damage. In vitro studies suggest GFNs can be either benign or toxic to cells, depending on factors such as layer number, size, stiffness, hydrophobicity, and surface functionalization. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation is a potential mechanism for toxicity, as well as interactions with membrane lipids. In vivo studies show GFNs can persist in the body and may induce foreign body tumors. The review emphasizes the need for further research on the biological responses of GFNs, including their physical and chemical properties related to toxicity. It also highlights the importance of material characterization and mechanistic studies for safer design and application of GFNs in drug delivery, tissue engineering, and biosensing. The review discusses the potential for GFNs to cause adverse health effects, particularly through inhalation, and the need for careful consideration of their properties in biomedical and environmental contexts.This review provides a systematic nomenclature for "Graphene-Family Nanomaterials" (GFNs) and discusses their biological interactions. GFNs include monolayer graphene, few-layer graphene (FLG), ultrathin graphite, graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and graphene nanosheets (GNS). These materials have unique properties that influence their interactions with biological systems, including nucleic acids, lipid bilayers, and small molecule drugs. GFNs can be inhaled, leading to deposition in the respiratory tract and potential lung damage. In vitro studies suggest GFNs can be either benign or toxic to cells, depending on factors such as layer number, size, stiffness, hydrophobicity, and surface functionalization. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation is a potential mechanism for toxicity, as well as interactions with membrane lipids. In vivo studies show GFNs can persist in the body and may induce foreign body tumors. The review emphasizes the need for further research on the biological responses of GFNs, including their physical and chemical properties related to toxicity. It also highlights the importance of material characterization and mechanistic studies for safer design and application of GFNs in drug delivery, tissue engineering, and biosensing. The review discusses the potential for GFNs to cause adverse health effects, particularly through inhalation, and the need for careful consideration of their properties in biomedical and environmental contexts.