Biomaterials for extrusion-based bioprinting and biomedical applications. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 12:1393641. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1393641. © 2024 Rossi, Pescara, Gambelli, Gaggia, Asthana, Perrier, Basta, Moretti, Senin, Rossi, Orlando and Calafiore. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Extrusion-based bioprinting is a promising technology for creating tissues and organs with high accuracy and resolution. It involves the extrusion of bioinks containing living cells through a nozzle to form structures. The paper discusses the main challenges in achieving resolution and accuracy while ensuring cell viability and function. It also reviews the main extrusion-based bioprinting technologies and related bioinks, highlighting their potential for biomedical applications. The paper focuses on the fabrication of tissues and organs using extrusion-based bioprinting. It discusses various biomaterials used in bioprinting, including alginate, gellan gum, agarose, gelatin, collagen, and decellularized scaffolds. Each of these materials has unique properties that make them suitable for different applications in bioprinting. The paper also discusses the main challenges in extrusion-based bioprinting, such as ensuring cell viability, achieving high resolution and accuracy, and maintaining the structural integrity of the printed constructs. The paper also reviews the main commercial and custom extrusion-based bioprinting machines available in the market. It discusses the key factors that influence the performance of these machines, such as the extrusion technology, the number of extruders, and the presence of curing and heating systems. The paper also highlights the importance of process variables and control strategies in extrusion-based bioprinting, such as pressure, temperature, and extrusion speed, in ensuring the successful fabrication of tissues and organs.Biomaterials for extrusion-based bioprinting and biomedical applications. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 12:1393641. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1393641. © 2024 Rossi, Pescara, Gambelli, Gaggia, Asthana, Perrier, Basta, Moretti, Senin, Rossi, Orlando and Calafiore. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Extrusion-based bioprinting is a promising technology for creating tissues and organs with high accuracy and resolution. It involves the extrusion of bioinks containing living cells through a nozzle to form structures. The paper discusses the main challenges in achieving resolution and accuracy while ensuring cell viability and function. It also reviews the main extrusion-based bioprinting technologies and related bioinks, highlighting their potential for biomedical applications. The paper focuses on the fabrication of tissues and organs using extrusion-based bioprinting. It discusses various biomaterials used in bioprinting, including alginate, gellan gum, agarose, gelatin, collagen, and decellularized scaffolds. Each of these materials has unique properties that make them suitable for different applications in bioprinting. The paper also discusses the main challenges in extrusion-based bioprinting, such as ensuring cell viability, achieving high resolution and accuracy, and maintaining the structural integrity of the printed constructs. The paper also reviews the main commercial and custom extrusion-based bioprinting machines available in the market. It discusses the key factors that influence the performance of these machines, such as the extrusion technology, the number of extruders, and the presence of curing and heating systems. The paper also highlights the importance of process variables and control strategies in extrusion-based bioprinting, such as pressure, temperature, and extrusion speed, in ensuring the successful fabrication of tissues and organs.