The review discusses the evolution of biomaterials in orthopaedics, focusing on three generations of materials: first-generation (bioinert materials), second-generation (bioactive and biodegradable materials), and third-generation (materials designed to stimulate specific responses at the molecular level). The first generation, characterized by materials like stainless steel, cobalt-chrome alloys, and ceramics, was primarily used for their inert properties to reduce immune and foreign body reactions. However, these materials had limitations in mechanical properties and biocompatibility. The second generation introduced bioactive materials that could interact with the biological environment to enhance tissue bonding and surface interactions, as well as biodegradable materials that could be resorbed by the body during healing. Examples include bioactive ceramics like hydroxyapatite (HA) and bioabsorbable polymers like polyglycolide (PGA). The third generation aims to stimulate specific cellular responses at the molecular level, though it is still under development. The review highlights the advancements in materials science and their applications in orthopaedic devices, emphasizing the importance of surface modifications to improve biocompatibility and performance.The review discusses the evolution of biomaterials in orthopaedics, focusing on three generations of materials: first-generation (bioinert materials), second-generation (bioactive and biodegradable materials), and third-generation (materials designed to stimulate specific responses at the molecular level). The first generation, characterized by materials like stainless steel, cobalt-chrome alloys, and ceramics, was primarily used for their inert properties to reduce immune and foreign body reactions. However, these materials had limitations in mechanical properties and biocompatibility. The second generation introduced bioactive materials that could interact with the biological environment to enhance tissue bonding and surface interactions, as well as biodegradable materials that could be resorbed by the body during healing. Examples include bioactive ceramics like hydroxyapatite (HA) and bioabsorbable polymers like polyglycolide (PGA). The third generation aims to stimulate specific cellular responses at the molecular level, though it is still under development. The review highlights the advancements in materials science and their applications in orthopaedic devices, emphasizing the importance of surface modifications to improve biocompatibility and performance.