Biomaterials in Orthopaedics: A Review Biomaterials, implants, and tissue engineering have evolved significantly over the past 50 years, with three generations of materials being developed to meet the needs of orthopaedics. The first generation consists of bioinert materials, the second generation includes bioactive and biodegradable materials, and the third generation is designed to stimulate specific cellular responses at the molecular level. This review discusses the evolution of metals, ceramics, and polymers used in orthopaedic applications, as well as the approaches used to address the challenges in this field. Bone and joint degenerative and inflammatory diseases affect millions of people worldwide, often requiring surgery, including total joint replacement. Orthopaedic biomaterials are used to substitute or repair tissues such as bone, cartilage, and ligaments, and to guide bone repair. The first generation of biomaterials, which are bioinert, were used to minimize immune and foreign body reactions. These materials, such as stainless steel and cobalt-chrome alloys, were chosen for their mechanical properties and biocompatibility. However, their wear resistance is poor, leading to the development of more advanced materials. The second generation of biomaterials includes bioactive and biodegradable materials, which can promote bone growth and repair. Ceramics such as alumina and zirconia are used for their high strength and wear resistance, while polymers like polyethylene and silicone are used for their biocompatibility and flexibility. The third generation of biomaterials is designed to stimulate specific cellular responses at the molecular level, offering new possibilities for treatment and applications. The review highlights the evolution of materials used in orthopaedics, including the development of new alloys, ceramics, and polymers. It also discusses the challenges in material design, such as stress shielding, wear debris, and the need for biocompatibility. The review emphasizes the importance of surface modifications and the development of bioactive interfaces to improve the performance of biomaterials. The evolution of biomaterials has led to the development of innovative devices that can improve solutions to orthopaedic clinical problems.Biomaterials in Orthopaedics: A Review Biomaterials, implants, and tissue engineering have evolved significantly over the past 50 years, with three generations of materials being developed to meet the needs of orthopaedics. The first generation consists of bioinert materials, the second generation includes bioactive and biodegradable materials, and the third generation is designed to stimulate specific cellular responses at the molecular level. This review discusses the evolution of metals, ceramics, and polymers used in orthopaedic applications, as well as the approaches used to address the challenges in this field. Bone and joint degenerative and inflammatory diseases affect millions of people worldwide, often requiring surgery, including total joint replacement. Orthopaedic biomaterials are used to substitute or repair tissues such as bone, cartilage, and ligaments, and to guide bone repair. The first generation of biomaterials, which are bioinert, were used to minimize immune and foreign body reactions. These materials, such as stainless steel and cobalt-chrome alloys, were chosen for their mechanical properties and biocompatibility. However, their wear resistance is poor, leading to the development of more advanced materials. The second generation of biomaterials includes bioactive and biodegradable materials, which can promote bone growth and repair. Ceramics such as alumina and zirconia are used for their high strength and wear resistance, while polymers like polyethylene and silicone are used for their biocompatibility and flexibility. The third generation of biomaterials is designed to stimulate specific cellular responses at the molecular level, offering new possibilities for treatment and applications. The review highlights the evolution of materials used in orthopaedics, including the development of new alloys, ceramics, and polymers. It also discusses the challenges in material design, such as stress shielding, wear debris, and the need for biocompatibility. The review emphasizes the importance of surface modifications and the development of bioactive interfaces to improve the performance of biomaterials. The evolution of biomaterials has led to the development of innovative devices that can improve solutions to orthopaedic clinical problems.