This review focuses on the biomimetic systems designed to mimic the mineralization processes of bone and enamel, aiming to develop advanced materials for therapeutic applications in tissue repair and regeneration. Bone and enamel share the same mineral composition, hydroxyapatite (HA), but differ in their morphologies and organic content. Bone has a relatively high organic composition, primarily collagen, while enamel is almost entirely inorganic. The study of biomineralization provides valuable insights into the complex integration of hard and soft phases in mineralized tissues, which can inspire the design of novel hybrid materials. The formation of HA in synthetic systems is influenced by factors such as solubility, supersaturation, and energetics. Bone mineralization involves a hierarchical organization with seven levels, from molecular components to macroscopic structures. Key organic components include collagen, non-collagenous proteins (NCPs), and other biomacromolecules. Collagen serves as a scaffold for mineral nucleation and growth, while NCPs play crucial roles in mineralization and cell signaling. Enamel mineralization is a highly regulated process involving precise genetic control and protein-protein interactions. Amelogenin, the primary protein in enamel, self-assembles into nanospheres that guide apatite growth. Other nonamelogenin proteins, such as enamelin and ameloblastin, also contribute to enamel formation through their full-length or modified forms. Understanding the mechanisms of biomineralization in bone and enamel can inspire the development of biomimetic systems for the creation of advanced materials with enhanced mechanical properties and biocompatibility, potentially leading to innovative therapies for the repair and regeneration of human mineralized tissues.This review focuses on the biomimetic systems designed to mimic the mineralization processes of bone and enamel, aiming to develop advanced materials for therapeutic applications in tissue repair and regeneration. Bone and enamel share the same mineral composition, hydroxyapatite (HA), but differ in their morphologies and organic content. Bone has a relatively high organic composition, primarily collagen, while enamel is almost entirely inorganic. The study of biomineralization provides valuable insights into the complex integration of hard and soft phases in mineralized tissues, which can inspire the design of novel hybrid materials. The formation of HA in synthetic systems is influenced by factors such as solubility, supersaturation, and energetics. Bone mineralization involves a hierarchical organization with seven levels, from molecular components to macroscopic structures. Key organic components include collagen, non-collagenous proteins (NCPs), and other biomacromolecules. Collagen serves as a scaffold for mineral nucleation and growth, while NCPs play crucial roles in mineralization and cell signaling. Enamel mineralization is a highly regulated process involving precise genetic control and protein-protein interactions. Amelogenin, the primary protein in enamel, self-assembles into nanospheres that guide apatite growth. Other nonamelogenin proteins, such as enamelin and ameloblastin, also contribute to enamel formation through their full-length or modified forms. Understanding the mechanisms of biomineralization in bone and enamel can inspire the development of biomimetic systems for the creation of advanced materials with enhanced mechanical properties and biocompatibility, potentially leading to innovative therapies for the repair and regeneration of human mineralized tissues.