Biopolymer-based nanocomposites have gained significant attention in biomedicine due to their unique properties and potential applications. These nanocomposites combine biopolymers, such as cellulose, alginate, chitosan, starch, polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), with nanoparticles or other nanoscale materials to create materials with enhanced properties and functionalities. Biopolymers are biodegradable, abundant, and renewable, making them suitable for various biomedical applications. They are used in scaffolds, drug delivery systems, wound healing, tissue engineering, and antibacterial and antiviral drugs. The review provides a comprehensive insight into the types of biopolymers, their synthesis techniques, and their applications in nanomedicine. Key applications include biosensors, bioimaging, blood clotting, immunomodulation, and food packaging. The review also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of different synthesis techniques and surface modification methods, highlighting the potential of biopolymer nanocomposites in addressing various health challenges.Biopolymer-based nanocomposites have gained significant attention in biomedicine due to their unique properties and potential applications. These nanocomposites combine biopolymers, such as cellulose, alginate, chitosan, starch, polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), with nanoparticles or other nanoscale materials to create materials with enhanced properties and functionalities. Biopolymers are biodegradable, abundant, and renewable, making them suitable for various biomedical applications. They are used in scaffolds, drug delivery systems, wound healing, tissue engineering, and antibacterial and antiviral drugs. The review provides a comprehensive insight into the types of biopolymers, their synthesis techniques, and their applications in nanomedicine. Key applications include biosensors, bioimaging, blood clotting, immunomodulation, and food packaging. The review also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of different synthesis techniques and surface modification methods, highlighting the potential of biopolymer nanocomposites in addressing various health challenges.