This review article explores the recent advancements and challenges in the use of biopolymeric nanocomposites for wastewater remediation. Biopolymers, such as chitosan, alginate, and pectin, are derived from natural sources and exhibit properties like biodegradability, biocompatibility, and antimicrobial activity, making them suitable for environmental applications. The article discusses the synthesis methods of biopolymeric nanocomposites, including template synthesis, melt intercalation, polymer intercalation, and in situ polymerization. These nanocomposites enhance the physicochemical and mechanical properties of polymers, making them effective in removing contaminants from water. The review highlights the applications of biopolymeric nanocomposites as filtration membranes and adsorbents. Filtration membranes, such as nanofiltration membranes, offer improved mechanical strength, fouling resistance, and selectivity for removing various contaminants. Adsorbents, on the other hand, can effectively remove heavy metals, dyes, and other pollutants from water through processes like adsorption and chelation. The article also discusses the mechanisms of membrane separation and adsorption, emphasizing the importance of surface interactions and chemical bonding. Recent studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of biopolymeric nanocomposites in removing specific contaminants, such as antibiotics, heavy metals, and organic dyes, from wastewater. These materials show high adsorption capacities and can be reused, making them cost-effective and environmentally friendly solutions for water treatment. However, the article also addresses the limitations and challenges, such as the need for further research on reusability and the development of more efficient synthesis methods. Overall, the review underscores the potential of biopolymeric nanocomposites in sustainable water treatment, contributing to the UN's Sustainable Development Goals, particularly SDG 7 (Affordable and clean energy) and SDG 13 (Climate Action).This review article explores the recent advancements and challenges in the use of biopolymeric nanocomposites for wastewater remediation. Biopolymers, such as chitosan, alginate, and pectin, are derived from natural sources and exhibit properties like biodegradability, biocompatibility, and antimicrobial activity, making them suitable for environmental applications. The article discusses the synthesis methods of biopolymeric nanocomposites, including template synthesis, melt intercalation, polymer intercalation, and in situ polymerization. These nanocomposites enhance the physicochemical and mechanical properties of polymers, making them effective in removing contaminants from water. The review highlights the applications of biopolymeric nanocomposites as filtration membranes and adsorbents. Filtration membranes, such as nanofiltration membranes, offer improved mechanical strength, fouling resistance, and selectivity for removing various contaminants. Adsorbents, on the other hand, can effectively remove heavy metals, dyes, and other pollutants from water through processes like adsorption and chelation. The article also discusses the mechanisms of membrane separation and adsorption, emphasizing the importance of surface interactions and chemical bonding. Recent studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of biopolymeric nanocomposites in removing specific contaminants, such as antibiotics, heavy metals, and organic dyes, from wastewater. These materials show high adsorption capacities and can be reused, making them cost-effective and environmentally friendly solutions for water treatment. However, the article also addresses the limitations and challenges, such as the need for further research on reusability and the development of more efficient synthesis methods. Overall, the review underscores the potential of biopolymeric nanocomposites in sustainable water treatment, contributing to the UN's Sustainable Development Goals, particularly SDG 7 (Affordable and clean energy) and SDG 13 (Climate Action).