Bone-regeneration therapy using biodegradable scaffolds, particularly calcium phosphate bioceramics and biodegradable polymers, is a promising approach for treating bone defects caused by trauma or bone tumors. This review discusses the current status of bone-regeneration therapy using calcium phosphate-based synthetic bone, such as β-tricalcium phosphate (βTCP), carbonate apatite, and hydroxyapatite (HA), along with recent developments in biodegradable polymers and their composites. The performance of artificial bone is influenced by factors such as material properties, degradability, composite materials, manufacturing methods, structure, and signaling molecules like growth factors and cells. The development of new scaffold materials may offer more efficient bone regeneration. Calcium phosphate-based synthetic bone is widely used in clinical practice for bone defects. However, it lacks osteoinductive properties and is unsuitable for large bone defects. Synthetic bone can be combined with autologous bone to treat large defects, but this approach has limitations. Allogeneic bone grafting, while available, has limited supply in some countries due to cultural and religious practices. However, it contains growth factors like bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) that aid in osteoinduction. Biodegradable polymers are being explored as alternatives to synthetic bone. These materials are used as scaffolds that are gradually replaced by the patient's own tissues. Research has focused on materials such as octacalcium phosphate (OCP), biologically derived polymers, and synthetic biodegradable polymers. The performance of these materials is influenced by their structure, degradation rate, and ability to support cell growth and differentiation. Composites of biodegradable polymers and calcium phosphate bioceramics have shown promise in bone regeneration. These composites combine the osteoconductivity of calcium phosphate with the bioabsorbability of biodegradable polymers. The three-dimensional structure of scaffolds is also crucial for bone regeneration, with various forms such as hydrogels, sponges, and fibers being investigated. The addition of cells and signaling molecules, such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), can enhance the osteoconductivity of scaffolds. In conclusion, the development of biodegradable scaffolds for bone regeneration is a complex process influenced by multiple factors. While calcium phosphate-based synthetic bone has been used clinically, there is a need for further research to improve the efficiency and expand the indications for bone regeneration using biodegradable scaffolds. The combination of biodegradable polymers and calcium phosphate bioceramics, along with the optimization of scaffold structure and the use of signaling molecules, holds great potential for future advancements in bone regeneration therapy.Bone-regeneration therapy using biodegradable scaffolds, particularly calcium phosphate bioceramics and biodegradable polymers, is a promising approach for treating bone defects caused by trauma or bone tumors. This review discusses the current status of bone-regeneration therapy using calcium phosphate-based synthetic bone, such as β-tricalcium phosphate (βTCP), carbonate apatite, and hydroxyapatite (HA), along with recent developments in biodegradable polymers and their composites. The performance of artificial bone is influenced by factors such as material properties, degradability, composite materials, manufacturing methods, structure, and signaling molecules like growth factors and cells. The development of new scaffold materials may offer more efficient bone regeneration. Calcium phosphate-based synthetic bone is widely used in clinical practice for bone defects. However, it lacks osteoinductive properties and is unsuitable for large bone defects. Synthetic bone can be combined with autologous bone to treat large defects, but this approach has limitations. Allogeneic bone grafting, while available, has limited supply in some countries due to cultural and religious practices. However, it contains growth factors like bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) that aid in osteoinduction. Biodegradable polymers are being explored as alternatives to synthetic bone. These materials are used as scaffolds that are gradually replaced by the patient's own tissues. Research has focused on materials such as octacalcium phosphate (OCP), biologically derived polymers, and synthetic biodegradable polymers. The performance of these materials is influenced by their structure, degradation rate, and ability to support cell growth and differentiation. Composites of biodegradable polymers and calcium phosphate bioceramics have shown promise in bone regeneration. These composites combine the osteoconductivity of calcium phosphate with the bioabsorbability of biodegradable polymers. The three-dimensional structure of scaffolds is also crucial for bone regeneration, with various forms such as hydrogels, sponges, and fibers being investigated. The addition of cells and signaling molecules, such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), can enhance the osteoconductivity of scaffolds. In conclusion, the development of biodegradable scaffolds for bone regeneration is a complex process influenced by multiple factors. While calcium phosphate-based synthetic bone has been used clinically, there is a need for further research to improve the efficiency and expand the indications for bone regeneration using biodegradable scaffolds. The combination of biodegradable polymers and calcium phosphate bioceramics, along with the optimization of scaffold structure and the use of signaling molecules, holds great potential for future advancements in bone regeneration therapy.