This review article provides an in-depth overview of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) and their signaling pathways, highlighting their crucial roles in embryogenesis, adult tissue homeostasis, and various human diseases. BMPs, part of the Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily, are essential for bone and cartilage formation, as well as maintenance of joint integrity and fracture healing. The article details the canonical and non-canonical signaling pathways of BMPs, including the role of receptors and downstream effectors such as Smad proteins. It also discusses the regulation of BMP signaling by extracellular and intracellular modulators, and the consequences of BMP signaling deficiencies in mouse models and human pathologies. Key diseases associated with BMP signaling include fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), osteoarthritis (OA), Barrett esophagus (BE), juvenile polyposis (JP), colorectal cancer, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT), and neurological and ophthalmic disorders. The article concludes by emphasizing the potential therapeutic applications of BMP signaling in treating these diseases.This review article provides an in-depth overview of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) and their signaling pathways, highlighting their crucial roles in embryogenesis, adult tissue homeostasis, and various human diseases. BMPs, part of the Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily, are essential for bone and cartilage formation, as well as maintenance of joint integrity and fracture healing. The article details the canonical and non-canonical signaling pathways of BMPs, including the role of receptors and downstream effectors such as Smad proteins. It also discusses the regulation of BMP signaling by extracellular and intracellular modulators, and the consequences of BMP signaling deficiencies in mouse models and human pathologies. Key diseases associated with BMP signaling include fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), osteoarthritis (OA), Barrett esophagus (BE), juvenile polyposis (JP), colorectal cancer, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT), and neurological and ophthalmic disorders. The article concludes by emphasizing the potential therapeutic applications of BMP signaling in treating these diseases.