Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is a promising approach for the regeneration of large bone defects, but it faces several limitations. Nanotechnology, particularly the application of nanomaterials, has emerged as a significant solution to enhance the mechanical, chemical-physical, and biological properties of biomaterials used in BTE. Nanomaterials, including nanoparticles, offer high penetrating ability, enhanced surface area, improved mechanical strength, better cell adhesion and differentiation, and enhanced antibacterial properties. This review discusses the latest in vitro and in vivo studies on the combination of nanotechnology and BTE, focusing on the effects of nanoparticles on cell properties and biomaterials for bone regeneration. The review highlights the potential of nanotechnology in overcoming the limitations of conventional bone grafting methods and offers innovative solutions for treating large bone defects.Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is a promising approach for the regeneration of large bone defects, but it faces several limitations. Nanotechnology, particularly the application of nanomaterials, has emerged as a significant solution to enhance the mechanical, chemical-physical, and biological properties of biomaterials used in BTE. Nanomaterials, including nanoparticles, offer high penetrating ability, enhanced surface area, improved mechanical strength, better cell adhesion and differentiation, and enhanced antibacterial properties. This review discusses the latest in vitro and in vivo studies on the combination of nanotechnology and BTE, focusing on the effects of nanoparticles on cell properties and biomaterials for bone regeneration. The review highlights the potential of nanotechnology in overcoming the limitations of conventional bone grafting methods and offers innovative solutions for treating large bone defects.